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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003731
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of commercial alloys. The typical heat treatment of an age-hardening alloy consists of ( Ref 2 ): Solution treating (solutionizing) that results in a homogenous supersaturated solid solution Quenching to a temperature in the two-phase region (generally room temperature) to retain a supersaturated solid...
Abstract
Precipitation reactions occur in many different alloy systems when one phase transforms into a mixed-phase system as a result of cooling from high temperatures. This article discusses the homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation and growth of coherent and semicoherent precipitates. It describes two precipitation modes, namely, general or continuous precipitation and cellular or discontinuous precipitation. The article also provides information on the precipitation sequences in aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005879
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
.... The volumetric joule losses generated in the heated body are applied as the internal heat sources in temperature calculations (see Eq 96 in the article “Electromagnetic Problem Solution” and Eq 1 in the article “Thermal Problem Solution” in this Volume). The material properties applied in the electromagnetic...
Abstract
Induction heating computations deal with a multiphysics problem containing analysis of several coupled physical fields such as electromagnetic, temperature, mechanical, and metallurgical. In order to solve coupled electromagnetic-temperature field problems, it is necessary to develop suitable algorithms and numerical procedures, which make it possible to deal with these nonlinear coupled problems. This article focuses on the most common approaches to coupled electromagnetic and heat transfer problems, namely, weak-, quasi-, and hard-coupled formulations.
Image
Effect of solution-treating temperature on the solution-treated and aged pr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 21 Effect of solution-treating temperature on the solution-treated and aged properties of Ti-6Al-4V. Age cycle: 540 °C (1000 °F) for 8 h
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Book Chapter
Electromagnetic Problem Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... Abstract Electromagnetic problem solutions are based on the macroscopic theory of the continuous model for the electromagnetic field (EMF). It is described by a system of integral or partial differential equations for five vector quantities, namely, electric field strength, electric flux...
Abstract
Electromagnetic problem solutions are based on the macroscopic theory of the continuous model for the electromagnetic field (EMF). It is described by a system of integral or partial differential equations for five vector quantities, namely, electric field strength, electric flux density, current density, magnetic field strength, and magnetic flux density. This article describes the behavior of the EMF by Maxwell's equations in integral or differential forms. It discusses the definition of potentials; methods of mathematical modeling; boundary conditions; and energy, power density, and electromagnetic forces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005878
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... ∂ r ) + p V ( r , t ) ρ c The solution of the Fourier-Kirchhoff equation in the full version ( Eq 1 ) or in any simplified form depends on the coordinate systems. In general, for a transient state the functions T ( x , y , z, t ), T ( r , z, φ, t ), or T ( r...
Abstract
Temperature is a typical parameter characterizing the heating level of any particle belonging to a heated body. The basic problem of heat transfer computation is associated with appropriate determination of heat transfer coefficients. This article provides a discussion on the basic equations, initial and boundary conditions, and multiple reflection phenomena of mathematical modeling. These boundary conditions include the Dirichlet, Neumann, and Henkel conditions.
Book Chapter
Salt Solutions as Quenchants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... Abstract This article explains cooling mechanisms involving saltwater solutions used as quenchants. The analyses of cooling power include studies of cooling curves, heat-transfer coefficients, and cooling rates. The influence of other bath parameters, such as temperature and agitation, is also...
Abstract
This article explains cooling mechanisms involving saltwater solutions used as quenchants. The analyses of cooling power include studies of cooling curves, heat-transfer coefficients, and cooling rates. The influence of other bath parameters, such as temperature and agitation, is also discussed. The article discusses solute additions and several factors impacting quenching.
Book Chapter
Solid Solutions and Phase Transformations
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006222
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract This article begins with the one-component, or unary, diagram for magnesium. The diagram shows what phases are present as a function of the temperature and pressure. When two metals are mixed in the liquid state to produce a solution, the resulting alloy is called a binary alloy...
Abstract
This article begins with the one-component, or unary, diagram for magnesium. The diagram shows what phases are present as a function of the temperature and pressure. When two metals are mixed in the liquid state to produce a solution, the resulting alloy is called a binary alloy. The article describes the various types of solid solutions such as interstitial solid solutions and substitutional solid solutions. Free energy is important because it determines whether or not a phase transformation is thermodynamically possible. The article discusses the thermodynamics of phase transformations and free energy, as well as kinetics of phase transformations. It concludes with a description of solid-state phase transformations that occur when one or more parent phases, usually on cooling, produces a phase or phases.
Image
Examples of TTS fracture in Ti-6Al-4V α-β alloys. (a) Solution treated and ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 42 Examples of TTS fracture in Ti-6Al-4V α-β alloys. (a) Solution treated and aged microstructure consisting of about 10-μm diam primary α particles in a matrix of about 70 vol% of fine Widmanstätten α and β. The microstructural constituents are not evident on the fracture surface
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Image
Fracture surface of a specimen of Duranickel, vacuum solution treated and q...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 872 Fracture surface of a specimen of Duranickel, vacuum solution treated and quenched, aged 1 h at 500 °C (930 °F) and cooled in air. The specimen, which was notched, precracked, and slow-bend fracture-toughness tested in hydrogen, broke by combined cleavage and intergranular fracture
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Image
Transgranular corrosion-fatigue crack propagation in a solution-treated and...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1088 Transgranular corrosion-fatigue crack propagation in a solution-treated and peak-aged Al-5.6Zn-1.9Mg sample tested in humid nitrogen gas. Compare with Fig. 1091 and 1092 . SEM, 5000× (R.E. Ricker, University of Notre Dame, and D.J. Duquette, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
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Image
Room-temperature tensile fracture by cleavage of an Fe-6.2Ta alloy solution...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1223 Room-temperature tensile fracture by cleavage of an Fe-6.2Ta alloy solution treated 1 h at 1400 °C (2550 °F), water quenched, aged 1 h at 700 °C (1290 °F) and air cooled. Laves-phase Fe 2 Ta precipitate, uniformly distributed in the matrix and believed present at grain boundaries
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Image
Corrosion rates in 3% NaCl solution of magnesium alloy AZ31B coupled with a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 7 Corrosion rates in 3% NaCl solution of magnesium alloy AZ31B coupled with aluminum containing varying amounts of iron and magnesium. The corrosion rate of uncoupled AZ31B is shown for comparison.
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Image
Stress-corrosion cracking of a solution-treated and aged Ti-6Al-4V Apollo s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 50 Stress-corrosion cracking of a solution-treated and aged Ti-6Al-4V Apollo service propulsion system (SPS) fuel pressure vessel during a system checkout test. Fluid test medium was methanol. (a) Cross section adjacent to weld in cracked vessel. 65×. (b) Another crack near the same weld
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Image
Initial corrosion rates for steel exposed to carbonated 3% NaCl solution wi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Initial corrosion rates for steel exposed to carbonated 3% NaCl solution with 0, 100, and 1000 ppm acetate of 4, 9, and 18 mm/year (0.2, 0.4, and 0.7 in./year), respectively. This order is sustained after addition of 25 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor, despite a significant reduction
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Image
Effect of environment (3.5% salt solution) on time at sustained load on fra...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 26 Effect of environment (3.5% salt solution) on time at sustained load on fracture toughness for titanium alloys and steel. Source: Ref 10
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Image
Influence of solute content on melting and solution temperatures and theref...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 34 Influence of solute content on melting and solution temperatures and therefore on forgeability
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 64 Effect of solution pH on the time to failure for AISI 304 in MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 at 125 °C (255 °F) with an applied load of 345 MPa (50 ksi). Source: Ref 369
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Image
Time to failure in an aqueous solution (5% NaCl and 0.5% acetic acid deaera...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1990
Fig. 66 Time to failure in an aqueous solution (5% NaCl and 0.5% acetic acid deaerated and saturated with hydrogen sulfide) as a function of yield strength for UNS S41000, S15500, S17400, and S13800 stainless steels loaded to 345 MPa (50 ksi) in tension. Tempering temperatures, in degrees
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Udimet 700 nickel-base heat-resistant alloy. (a) Udimet 700 solution anneal...
Available to Purchase
in Wrought and P/M Superalloys
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 5 Udimet 700 nickel-base heat-resistant alloy. (a) Udimet 700 solution annealed at 1177 °C (2150 °F) for 4 to 6 h and then aged 5000 h at 760 °C (1400 °F). Replica electron micrograph shows large particle of MC at grain-boundary intersection and γ′ in grains of γ matrix. 4500×. (b) Udimet
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