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Book Chapter

By Wilfried Kurz
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... build-up at the solid-liquid interface forming transients and steady state, the morphological stability/instability and perturbation theory, and rapid solidification effects, including solute trapping and oscillatory instabilities. The article presents a microstructural selection map that presents...
Book Chapter

By W.J. Boettinger
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Interfacial Nonequilibrium For extremely rapid liquid-solid interface freezing rates (1 m/s velocity, or 3 ft/s), the local interfacial equilibrium assumption breaks down. Solute can be trapped into the freezing solid at levels exceeding the equilibrium value of solid for the corresponding liquid...
Book Chapter

By Eric W. Brooman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002494
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... for electrical contact to be made on nonsignificant surfaces Avoid features that could trap air and prevent wetting by process solutions Provide good natural drainage or use drainage holes on nonsignificant surfaces to minimize carryover Avoid thin cross sections or intricate designs that could become...
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 3 Poor (a) and good (b) designs for heating of solutions. Poor design creates hot spots (circled area) that may induce boiling under the heater at the bottom of the vessel or may cause deposits to form between heaters and vessel walls. Good design avoids hot spots and pockets in which More
Book Chapter

By Bruce Craig
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003634
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., carbide particles, individual solute atoms). They may also be reversible or irreversible traps. Short-duration trapping of hydrogen in which the occupancy time is limited is referred to as reversible. A long residency time for hydrogen characterized by a high binding energy is termed irreversible trapping...
Book Chapter

By R.B. Fricioni, Loren Essig
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001746
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... solution and can be highly corrosive to the system. The most common halogen trap material is antimony metal, which has a high affinity for fluorides and chlorides. Because different types of carbon form at different temperatures, and a resistance furnace can maintain preset temperatures, hydrocarbons...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006224
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... and higher-component alloys, it requires knowledge of the tie lines. An alloy that is not in equilibrium after solidification can be the result of a phase failing to nucleate, incomplete diffusion, or solute trapping. The description of such solidification processes with equilibrium phase diagram...
Book Chapter

By Alfred M. Weisberg
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of gold loss, and it is an environmental advantage to reduce the amount of processing needed to purify the waste stream before discharge. Many factors affect dragout: The thickness of the gold plated The shape of the part to be plated The number of holes or other solution-trapping...
Book Chapter

By Sujoy Krishna Chaudhury
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the loading of castings in the furnace. Blistering is another problem often observed with castings during solution heat treatment. During casting, gases are adsorbed and often trapped beneath the surface. During solution heat treatment, these trapped gases expand and result in blistering. Quenching...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract This article focuses on various vacuum heat treating processes for additively manufactured parts, namely annealing and stress relieving, solid-solution annealing, and solution treating and aging. It addresses several practical concerns involved in using vacuum heat treatment, including...
Book Chapter

By Jeff Hancock
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... the cleaning process to allow the cleaning solution to reach the area where air was previously trapped. This can be accomplished either manually, by the attending operator, or by a rotating arm on an automated lift mechanism. It is best if small parts can be physically separated when placed in a basket...
Book Chapter

By Thomas P. Groeneveld
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... The normal sequence of preparation steps prior to painting or electroplating of zinc alloy die castings includes: Mechanical finishing to smooth parting lines and rough or defective surfaces, plus buffing, if necessary Solvent degreasing or aqueous-based solution degreasing followed by rinsing...
Book Chapter

By Chris Schade
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Nonequilibrium processing of metastable phases such as amorphous alloys, extended solid solutions, and nanocrystalline structures The milling operation fractures, deforms (cold works), or cold welds the impacted particles. Milling also may produce polymorphic transformations ( Ref 1 ), as is the case...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... that maintenance operations may entail. The corrosivity of solder flux residues and etching solutions, and the cleanliness testing of printed circuit boards (PCBs) prior to conformal coating, became issues in the manufacturing process to lessen corrosion problems. Potting, hermetic sealing, conformal coating...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... is trapped on the high density of dislocations, leading to the nucleation of a high density of bubbles. Because of the large number of small bubbles present, they become the dominant sinks for both vacancies and interstitials, and swelling is inhibited. In solution-annealed steel, the opposite occurs. Helium...
Book Chapter

By Ursula R. Kattner
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... An alloy that is not in equilibrium after solidification can be the result of a phase failing to nucleate, incomplete diffusion, or solute trapping. The description of such solidification processes with equilibrium phase diagram information alone is not possible. However, for most alloys where...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005743
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... as the poor corrosion and wear resistance of metallic materials offer opportunities for surface solutions to provide suitable functionally and service life to these components. Thermal spray technology is widely used in the paper manufacturing industry to provide such solutions. This section discusses some...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... parameters. The article considers three aspects of simulation of additive manufacturing: simulation for initial selection of process parameter setup, simulation for in situ process control, and simulation for ex situ process optimization. It also presents some examples of computational mechanics solutions...
Book Chapter

By William P. Bardet, Donald J. Wengler
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... in powder or crystal form, which are dissolved in water at a concentration of from 1 to 10%, according to the instructions. Alkaline cleaning solutions may be made more effective by employing electrolysis at the same time, but this is not commonly practiced. Alkaline cleaners usually contain sodium...
Book Chapter

By Arnold Satow
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... cold working or heat treating, especially those made of high-carbon steels. In the normal electroplating process, an important source of hydrogen gas is the reaction between acids and metals present in the plating solution. The hydrogen migrates through the metallic substrate and concentrates...