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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... build-up at the solid-liquid interface forming transients and steady state, the morphological stability/instability and perturbation theory, and rapid solidification effects, including solute trapping and oscillatory instabilities. The article presents a microstructural selection map that presents...
Abstract
One impressive example of plane front solidification (PFS) is the industrial production of large silicon single crystals, used mainly as substrates for integrated circuits. This article explores the PFS of a single phase, without taking convection into account. It discusses the solute build-up at the solid-liquid interface forming transients and steady state, the morphological stability/instability and perturbation theory, and rapid solidification effects, including solute trapping and oscillatory instabilities. The article presents a microstructural selection map that presents an overview of interface stability as a function of composition for a given alloy.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Interfacial Nonequilibrium For extremely rapid liquid-solid interface freezing rates (1 m/s velocity, or 3 ft/s), the local interfacial equilibrium assumption breaks down. Solute can be trapped into the freezing solid at levels exceeding the equilibrium value of solid for the corresponding liquid...
Abstract
Rapid solidification is a tool for modifying the microstructure of alloys that are obtained by ordinary casting. This article describes the fundamentals of the four microstructural changes, namely, microsegregation, identity of the primary phase, identity of the secondary phase, and the formation of noncrystalline phases. It considers three factors to understand the fundamentals of these changes: heat flow, thermodynamic constraints/conditions at the liquid-solid interfaces, and diffusional kinetics/microsegregation. These factors are described in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002494
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... for electrical contact to be made on nonsignificant surfaces Avoid features that could trap air and prevent wetting by process solutions Provide good natural drainage or use drainage holes on nonsignificant surfaces to minimize carryover Avoid thin cross sections or intricate designs that could become...
Abstract
This article presents general design principles for different types of surface-finishing processes, such as cleaning, organic coatings, and inorganic coatings applied by a variety of techniques. It discusses the factors that influence the selection of surface-finishing processes. These include fabrication processes, size, weight, functional requirements, and design features. The article discusses the design as an integral part of manufacturing. It contains tables that summarize the design limitations for selected surface-preparation, organic finishing, and inorganic finishing processes.
Image
Poor (a) and good (b) designs for heating of solutions. Poor design creates...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 3 Poor (a) and good (b) designs for heating of solutions. Poor design creates hot spots (circled area) that may induce boiling under the heater at the bottom of the vessel or may cause deposits to form between heaters and vessel walls. Good design avoids hot spots and pockets in which
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003634
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., carbide particles, individual solute atoms). They may also be reversible or irreversible traps. Short-duration trapping of hydrogen in which the occupancy time is limited is referred to as reversible. A long residency time for hydrogen characterized by a high binding energy is termed irreversible trapping...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This article classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage and summarizes the theories that seek to explain these types of degradation. It reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys, namely, iron-base alloys, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys, zirconium alloys, and vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and their alloys. An outline of hydrogen damage in intermetallic compounds is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001746
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... solution and can be highly corrosive to the system. The most common halogen trap material is antimony metal, which has a high affinity for fluorides and chlorides. Because different types of carbon form at different temperatures, and a resistance furnace can maintain preset temperatures, hydrocarbons...
Abstract
High-temperature combustion is primarily used to determine carbon and sulfur contained in a variety of materials. This article illustrates the principle of combustion and focuses on the characteristics of accelerators. It provides information on the process of separating oxide compounds formed in the combustion zone. The article provides information on infrared and thermal-conductive detectors, which are used for the detection of CO2 and SO2. Finally, it addresses the requirements of a sample to undergo total and selective combustion, and presents examples showing the applications of high-temperature combustion. .
Book Chapter
Isomorphous Alloy Systems
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006224
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... and higher-component alloys, it requires knowledge of the tie lines. An alloy that is not in equilibrium after solidification can be the result of a phase failing to nucleate, incomplete diffusion, or solute trapping. The description of such solidification processes with equilibrium phase diagram...
Abstract
The term isomorphous refers to metals that are completely miscible in each other in both the liquid and solid states. This article discusses the construction of simple phase diagrams by using the appropriate points obtained from time-temperature cooling curves. It describes the two methods to determine a phase diagram with equilibrated alloys: the static method and the dynamic method. The article illustrates the construction of phase boundaries according to the Gibbs' phase rule and describes the calculation methods that allow the prediction of the phases present, the chemical compositions of the phases present, and the amounts of phases present. Phase diagrams provide useful information for understanding alloy solidification. The article provides two simple models that can describe the limiting cases of solidification behavior.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of gold loss, and it is an environmental advantage to reduce the amount of processing needed to purify the waste stream before discharge. Many factors affect dragout: The thickness of the gold plated The shape of the part to be plated The number of holes or other solution-trapping...
Abstract
Gold electroplating was invented in 1840. During the first 100 years electrodeposited gold was used primarily for its aesthetic appeal as a decorative finish. This article provides a description of the gold plating process and the electrolytes used. It discusses the decorative and industrial applications of gold plating. The article reviews factors affecting the dragout of gold solution.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the loading of castings in the furnace. Blistering is another problem often observed with castings during solution heat treatment. During casting, gases are adsorbed and often trapped beneath the surface. During solution heat treatment, these trapped gases expand and result in blistering. Quenching...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of heat treatment processes, namely, solution heat treatment, quenching, natural aging, and artificial aging. It contains a table that lists the various heat treatment tempers commonly practiced for nonferrous castings. The article describes microstructural changes that occur due to the heat treatment of cast alloys.
Book Chapter
Vacuum Heat Treating Additively Manufactured Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract This article focuses on various vacuum heat treating processes for additively manufactured parts, namely annealing and stress relieving, solid-solution annealing, and solution treating and aging. It addresses several practical concerns involved in using vacuum heat treatment, including...
Abstract
This article focuses on various vacuum heat treating processes for additively manufactured parts, namely annealing and stress relieving, solid-solution annealing, and solution treating and aging. It addresses several practical concerns involved in using vacuum heat treatment, including temperature measurement, unvented cavities, loose powder, and direct contact of metals in the high-temperature vacuum. The article provides a short discussion on sintering and evaporation of metals in vacuum furnaces.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... the cleaning process to allow the cleaning solution to reach the area where air was previously trapped. This can be accomplished either manually, by the attending operator, or by a rotating arm on an automated lift mechanism. It is best if small parts can be physically separated when placed in a basket...
Abstract
Ultrasonic cleaning involves the use of high-frequency sound waves that is above the upper range of human heating, or about 18 kHz, to remove a variety of contaminants from parts immersed in aqueous media. This article describes the process, design considerations and the equipment in ultrasonic cleaning. The components used in the generation of ultrasonic wave include piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers that are used in ultrasonic generators and tanks. The effects of solution type and its temperature on the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning are also discussed.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... The normal sequence of preparation steps prior to painting or electroplating of zinc alloy die castings includes: Mechanical finishing to smooth parting lines and rough or defective surfaces, plus buffing, if necessary Solvent degreasing or aqueous-based solution degreasing followed by rinsing...
Abstract
Zinc and zinc alloys require surface engineering prior to coating or use to improve adhesion and corrosion resistance. Die-cast zinc parts, in addition, must be trimmed and finished to remove flash and parting lines. This article covers zinc cleaning procedures as well as coating and finishing processes. It explains how to remove parting lines and presents several mechanical finishing methods, including surface polishing, brushing, controlled shot peening, and buffing. It also provides information on solvent cleaning, emulsion cleaning, aqueous detergent or alkaline cleaning), electrocleaning, acid dipping, and zinc conversion coating treatments.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Nonequilibrium processing of metastable phases such as amorphous alloys, extended solid solutions, and nanocrystalline structures The milling operation fractures, deforms (cold works), or cold welds the impacted particles. Milling also may produce polymorphic transformations ( Ref 1 ), as is the case...
Abstract
Milling of materials, whether hard and brittle or soft and ductile, is of prime interest and of economic importance to the powder metallurgy (PM) industry. This article discusses the principles of milling, milling parameters, and the powder characteristics required for the process. It discusses the changes in powder particle morphology that occur during milling of metal powders produced by various processes such as microforging, fracturing, agglomeration, and deagglomeration. The article also provides useful information on milling equipment such as tumbler ball mills, vibratory ball mills, attrition mills, and hammer and rod mills.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Electronic Equipment in Military Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... that maintenance operations may entail. The corrosivity of solder flux residues and etching solutions, and the cleanliness testing of printed circuit boards (PCBs) prior to conformal coating, became issues in the manufacturing process to lessen corrosion problems. Potting, hermetic sealing, conformal coating...
Abstract
This article provides a historical review of corrosion problems in military electronic equipment. It describes the importance of design for corrosion control of an electronic black box used to contain electrical equipment that provides various functions. The article illustrates corrosion control aspects, such as the position of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and proper location of connectors for insertion of the PCBs. It discusses various materials and alloys considered for connectors, PCB contacts, and circuits. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of contaminants on the electronic black box.
Book Chapter
Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... is trapped on the high density of dislocations, leading to the nucleation of a high density of bubbles. Because of the large number of small bubbles present, they become the dominant sinks for both vacancies and interstitials, and swelling is inhibited. In solution-annealed steel, the opposite occurs. Helium...
Abstract
Damage to steels from neutron irradiation affects the properties of steels and is an important factor in the design of safe and economical components for fission and fusion reactors. This article discusses the effects of high-energy neutrons on steels. The effects of damage caused by neutron irradiation include swelling (volume increase), irradiation hardening, and irradiation embrittlement (the influence of irradiation hardening on fracture toughness). These effects are primarily associated with high-energy (greater than 0.1 MeV) neutrons. Consequently, irradiation damage from neutrons is of considerable importance in fast reactors, which produce a significant flux of high-energy neutrons during operation. Irradiation embrittlement must also be considered in the development of ferritic steels for fast reactors and fusion reactors. Although ferritic steels are more resistant to swelling than austenitic steels, irradiation may have a more critical effect on the mechanical properties of ferritic steels.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... An alloy that is not in equilibrium after solidification can be the result of a phase failing to nucleate, incomplete diffusion, or solute trapping. The description of such solidification processes with equilibrium phase diagram information alone is not possible. However, for most alloys where...
Abstract
This article discusses the application of thermodynamic in the form of phase diagrams for visually representing the state of a material and for understanding the solidification of alloys. It presents the derivation of the relationship between the Gibbs energy functions and phase diagrams, which forms the basis for the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) method. The article also discusses the calculation of phase diagrams and solidification by using the Scheil-Gulliver equation.
Book Chapter
Thermal Spray Applications in the Paper Production Industry
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005743
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... as the poor corrosion and wear resistance of metallic materials offer opportunities for surface solutions to provide suitable functionally and service life to these components. Thermal spray technology is widely used in the paper manufacturing industry to provide such solutions. This section discusses some...
Abstract
Thermal spray coatings, along with certain proprietary sealants, are widely used in the paper manufacturing industry for corrosion and wear resistance and to impart special surface characteristics. This article discusses the steps involved in the paper manufacturing process. Most modern papermaking machines are based on variations of the Fourdrinier machine. The article describes four operational sections of the machine: forming, press, drying, and calendar. It provides an overview of the machine components where thermal spray coatings are used, namely, digesters, blow tanks, suction roll, center press rolls, yankee dryer rolls, calendar rolls, doctor/scalping blades, and cutting equipment.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Laser-Additive Manufacturing Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... parameters. The article considers three aspects of simulation of additive manufacturing: simulation for initial selection of process parameter setup, simulation for in situ process control, and simulation for ex situ process optimization. It also presents some examples of computational mechanics solutions...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing produces a change in the shape of a substrate by adding material progressively. This article discusses the simulation of laser deposition and three principal thermomechanical phenomena during the laser deposition process: absorption of laser radiation; heat conduction, convection, and phase change; and elastic-plastic deformation. It provides a description of four sets of data used for modeling and simulation of additive manufacturing processes, namely, material constitutive data, solid model, initial and boundary conditions, and laser deposition process parameters. The article considers three aspects of simulation of additive manufacturing: simulation for initial selection of process parameter setup, simulation for in situ process control, and simulation for ex situ process optimization. It also presents some examples of computational mechanics solutions for automating various components of additive manufacturing simulation.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... in powder or crystal form, which are dissolved in water at a concentration of from 1 to 10%, according to the instructions. Alkaline cleaning solutions may be made more effective by employing electrolysis at the same time, but this is not commonly practiced. Alkaline cleaners usually contain sodium...
Abstract
Babbitting is a process by which relatively soft metals are bonded chemically or mechanically to a stronger shell or stiffener which supports the weight and torsion of a rotating, oscillating, or sliding shaft. This article focuses on workpiece preparation and babbitting methods. Prior to casting, the workpiece must be scrupulously prepared by various cleaning, fluxing, and tinning steps. Babbitting of bearing shells can be accomplished by three methods, namely, static babbitting, centrifugal casting, and metal spray babbitting.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... cold working or heat treating, especially those made of high-carbon steels. In the normal electroplating process, an important source of hydrogen gas is the reaction between acids and metals present in the plating solution. The hydrogen migrates through the metallic substrate and concentrates...
Abstract
Mechanical plating is a method for coating ferrous metals, copper alloys, lead, stainless steel, and certain types of castings by tumbling the parts in a mixture of glass beads, metallic dust or powder, promoter or accelerator chemicals, and water. It offers a straightforward alternative method for achieving desired mechanical and galvanic properties with an extremely low risk of hydrogen embrittlement. This article provides a detailed description of the equipment, process steps, process capabilities, applicable parts, specific characteristics, advantages, limitations, post treatments, and waste treatment of mechanical plating.
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