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Book Chapter
Solid-State Transformations
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract Eutectoid and peritectoid transformations are classified as solid-state invariant transformations. This article focuses primarily on the structures from eutectoid transformations with emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It reviews peritectoid phase equilibria...
Abstract
Eutectoid and peritectoid transformations are classified as solid-state invariant transformations. This article focuses primarily on the structures from eutectoid transformations with emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It reviews peritectoid phase equilibria that are very common in several binary systems. The addition of substitutional alloying elements causes the eutectoid composition and temperature to shift in the iron-carbon system. The article graphically illustrates the effect of various substitutional alloying elements on the eutectoid transformation temperature and effective carbon content. The partitioning effect of substitutional alloying elements, such as chromium, manganese, and silicon, in pearlitic steel is also illustrated.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005613
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Abstract Solid-state transformations occurring in a weld are highly nonequilibrium in nature and differ distinctly from those experienced during casting, thermomechanical processing, and heat treatment. This article provides a description of the special factors affecting transformation behavior...
Abstract
Solid-state transformations occurring in a weld are highly nonequilibrium in nature and differ distinctly from those experienced during casting, thermomechanical processing, and heat treatment. This article provides a description of the special factors affecting transformation behavior in a weldment. It reviews the heat-affected and fusion zones of single-pass and multi-pass weldments. The article also includes a discussion on the welds in alloy systems, such as stainless steels and aluminum-base, nickel-base, and titanium-base alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001341
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Solid-state transformations occurring in a weld are highly nonequilibrium in nature and differ distinctly from those experienced during casting, thermomechanical processing, and heat treatment. This article focuses on welding metallurgy of fusion welding of steels and highlights...
Abstract
Solid-state transformations occurring in a weld are highly nonequilibrium in nature and differ distinctly from those experienced during casting, thermomechanical processing, and heat treatment. This article focuses on welding metallurgy of fusion welding of steels and highlights the fundamental principles that form the basis of many of the developments in steels and consumables for welding. Examples in the article are largely drawn from the well-known and relatively well-studied case of ferritic steel weldments to illustrate the special physical metallurgical considerations brought about by the weld thermal cycles and by the welding environment. The article provides information on welds in other alloy systems such as stainless steels and aluminum-base, nickel-base, and titanium-base alloys.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Image
Dilatometer curves. 1, solid-state transformation; 2, sample collapses due ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 13 Dilatometer curves. 1, solid-state transformation; 2, sample collapses due to melting of the solid sample; 3, the crucible is now entirely filled; 4, melt expansion and shrinkage; 5, formation of primary austenite dendrites; 6, start of the graphite and austenite eutectic precipitation
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Image
Onset temperature of the solid-state transformation of LG alloys with appro...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 8 Onset temperature of the solid-state transformation of LG alloys with approximately 0.4 mass% Mn and various amounts of silicon that were cast in plates of various thicknesses indicated in the legend. Alloys were either inoculated (solid symbols) or not (open symbols). Source: Ref 27
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Image
Schematics showing solidification and solid-state transformation behavior o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 3 Schematics showing solidification and solid-state transformation behavior of welds with increasing Cr eq /Ni eq ratios. Source: Ref 11
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract The application of phase diagrams is instrumental in solid-state transformations for the processing and heat treatment of alloys. A unary phase diagram plots the phase changes of one element as a function of temperature and pressure. This article discusses the unary system that can...
Abstract
The application of phase diagrams is instrumental in solid-state transformations for the processing and heat treatment of alloys. A unary phase diagram plots the phase changes of one element as a function of temperature and pressure. This article discusses the unary system that can exist as a solid, liquid, and/or gas, depending on the specific combination of temperature and pressure. It describes the accomplishment of conversion between weight percentage and atomic percentage in a binary system by the use of formulas. The article analyzes the effects of alloying on melting/solidification and on solid-state transformations. It explains the construction of phase diagrams by the Gibbs phase rule and the Lever rule. The article also reviews the various types of alloy systems that involve solid-state transformations. It concludes with information on the sources of phase diagram.
Book Chapter
Physical Metallurgy Concepts in Interpretation of Microstructures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003723
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the use of equilibrium binary phase diagrams as a tool in the interpretation of microstructures. It reviews an account of the two types of solid-state phase transformations: isothermal and athermal. The article discusses isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams which...
Abstract
This article introduces basic physical metallurgy concepts that may be useful for understanding and interpreting variations in metallographic features and how processing affects microstructure. It presents some basic concepts in structure-property relationships. The article describes the use of equilibrium binary phase diagrams as a tool in the interpretation of microstructures. It reviews an account of the two types of solid-state phase transformations: isothermal and athermal. The article discusses isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams which are useful in determining the conditions for proper heat treatment (solid-state transformation) of metals and alloys. The influence of the mechanisms of phase nucleation and growth on the morphology, size, and distribution of grains and second phases is also described.
Book Chapter
Invariant Transformation Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Solid-state transformations from invariant reactions are of three types: eutectoid, peritectoid, and monotectoid transformations. This article focuses on structures from eutectoid transformations with an emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It illustrates the morphology...
Abstract
Solid-state transformations from invariant reactions are of three types: eutectoid, peritectoid, and monotectoid transformations. This article focuses on structures from eutectoid transformations with an emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It illustrates the morphology of a pearlite nodule and the effect of various substitutional alloy elements on the eutectoid transformation temperature and effective carbon content, respectively. Peritectic and peritectoid phase equilibria are very common in several binary systems. The article reviews structures from peritectoid reactions and details the formation of peritectic structures that can occur by at least three mechanisms: peritectic reaction, peritectic transformation, and direct precipitation of beta from the melt.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This introductory article provides basic information on the various aspects of solid-state transformation: multiphase microstructures, substructures, and crystallography, which assist in characterizing the morphology of phase transformations. It contains a flowchart that illustrating...
Abstract
This introductory article provides basic information on the various aspects of solid-state transformation: multiphase microstructures, substructures, and crystallography, which assist in characterizing the morphology of phase transformations. It contains a flowchart that illustrating the classification of transformations by growth processes.
Book Chapter
Principles of Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006250
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... growth. The article also describes the various types of solid-state transformations such as isothermal transformation and athermal transformation, resulting from the heat treatment of nonferrous alloys. It provides information on the homogenization of chemical composition within a cast structure...
Abstract
This article introduces the mechanism of diffusion and the common types of heat treatments such as annealing and precipitation hardening, which are applicable to most ferrous and nonferrous systems. Three distinct processes occur during annealing: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. The article also describes the various types of solid-state transformations such as isothermal transformation and athermal transformation, resulting from the heat treatment of nonferrous alloys. It provides information on the homogenization of chemical composition within a cast structure.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Techniques for Aluminum and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of the stable and metastable constituents, isomorphous compounds, and arrays of different continuous solid solutions. The following section briefly describes the function of major alloying elements, phase formation, and the morphologies of constituents formed by liquid-solid or solid-state transformations...
Abstract
This article focuses on the metallography and microstructures of wrought and cast aluminum and aluminum alloys. It describes the role of major alloying elements and their effect on phase formation and the morphologies of constituents formed by liquid-solid and/or solid-state transformations. The article also describes specimen preparation procedures and examines the microstructure of several alloy samples.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... joints, highlighting important details such as solidification and solid-state transformation structures and what they reveal about the welding process. Besides arc welding, it also discusses laser and electron beam welding methods, resistance and spot welding, and the welding of dissimilar metals...
Abstract
This article provides a review of metallographic procedures and techniques for analyzing the microstructure of fusion welded joints. It discusses sample preparation, the use of backing plates, and common sectioning methods. It identifies the various types of defects that can occur in arc welded metals, organizing them according to the sectioning method by which they are observed. It describes the relationship between weld bead morphology and sectioning direction and its effect on measurement error. The article examines micrographs from stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium alloy joints, highlighting important details such as solidification and solid-state transformation structures and what they reveal about the welding process. Besides arc welding, it also discusses laser and electron beam welding methods, resistance and spot welding, and the welding of dissimilar metals.
Book Chapter
Computational Models for Prediction of Solidification Microstructure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract The microstructure that develops during the solidification stage of cast iron largely influences the subsequent solid-state transformations and mechanical properties of the cast components. This article provides a brief introduction of methods that can be used for simulating...
Abstract
The microstructure that develops during the solidification stage of cast iron largely influences the subsequent solid-state transformations and mechanical properties of the cast components. This article provides a brief introduction of methods that can be used for simulating the solidification microstructure of cast iron. Analytical as well as numerical models describing solidification phenomena at both macroscopic and microscopic scales are presented. The article introduces macroscopic transport equations and presents analytical microscopic models for solidification. These models include the dendrite growth models and the cooperative eutectic growth models. The article provides some solutions using numerical models to simulate the kinetics of microstructure formation in cast iron. It concludes with a discussion on cellular automaton (CA) technique that can handle complex topology changes and reproduce most of the solidification microstructure features observed experimentally.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... in the foundry: liquid metal preparation, solidification, and solid-state transformation. The article discusses the tensile properties of gray cast iron: tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, and modulus of elasticity. It describes hardness tests that are performed for determining the approximate strength...
Abstract
Gray irons are commonly classified by their minimum tensile strength. This article describes properties used in the selection of gray irons and the factors that affect properties, particularly the effect of solidification. It discusses the three steps that its processing undergoes in the foundry: liquid metal preparation, solidification, and solid-state transformation. The article discusses the tensile properties of gray cast iron: tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, and modulus of elasticity. It describes hardness tests that are performed for determining the approximate strength characteristics and machinability of a gray iron casting. The article also presents typical mechanical properties of heat-resistant gray irons in a table. It concludes with information on the automotive application of alloy cast irons.
Book Chapter
Electroslag and Electrogas Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., and solid-state transformations. It describes the electroslag process development and the applications of electroslag and electrogas processes. The article concludes with a discussion on weld defects, such as temper embrittlement, hydrogen cracking, and weld distortion. electrogas welding electroslag...
Abstract
Electroslag welding (ESW) and electrogas welding (EGW) are two related procedures that are used to weld thick-section materials in the vertical or near-vertical position between retaining shoes. This article discusses the fundamentals of the electroslag process in terms of heat flow conditions and metal transfer and weld pool morphology. It presents constitutive equations for welding current, voltage, and travel rate for ESW. The article describes the metallurgical and chemical reactions in terms of fusion zone compositional effects, weld metal inclusions, solidification structure, and solid-state transformations. It describes the electroslag process development and the applications of electroslag and electrogas processes. The article concludes with a discussion on weld defects, such as temper embrittlement, hydrogen cracking, and weld distortion.
Book Chapter
Solid Solutions and Phase Transformations
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006222
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... transformations and free energy, as well as kinetics of phase transformations. It concludes with a description of solid-state phase transformations that occur when one or more parent phases, usually on cooling, produces a phase or phases. free energy intermediate phases interstitial solid solutions...
Abstract
This article begins with the one-component, or unary, diagram for magnesium. The diagram shows what phases are present as a function of the temperature and pressure. When two metals are mixed in the liquid state to produce a solution, the resulting alloy is called a binary alloy. The article describes the various types of solid solutions such as interstitial solid solutions and substitutional solid solutions. Free energy is important because it determines whether or not a phase transformation is thermodynamically possible. The article discusses the thermodynamics of phase transformations and free energy, as well as kinetics of phase transformations. It concludes with a description of solid-state phase transformations that occur when one or more parent phases, usually on cooling, produces a phase or phases.
Image
Schematic diagram of the temperature dependence of elastic, plastic, and fr...
Available to Purchase
in Failures from Various Mechanisms and Related Environmental Factors
> Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 27 Schematic diagram of the temperature dependence of elastic, plastic, and fracture behavior of polycrystalline materials that do not have a solid-state transformation. T is the instantaneous absolute temperature, and T M is the absolute melting temperature of the material.
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Image
View of laser-melted surface and temperature profiles experienced at differ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 8 View of laser-melted surface and temperature profiles experienced at different points on the surface during laser melting. Liquidus ( T L ), solidus ( T S ), and solid-state transformation ( T R ) temperatures are indicated.
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