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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 2 Micrographs of tungsten powder during solid-state sintering, showing the decrease in porosity (black regions) and grain growth. Source: Ref 1 More
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 37 Idealized binary phase diagram for solid-state activated sintering. The mixture has a composition in a two-phase region at the sintering temperature. The activator A is nearly insoluble in the base B, but B is highly soluble in A. The phase diagram is rather similar More
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 38 Relative density versus sintering temperature for activated solid-state and activated liquid-phase sintering of tungsten. Nickel is most effective as a pure activator, but when liquid copper is present, the nickel effectiveness is diluted by solubility in the liquid. Alternatively More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006557
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... parameters specific to the alloy system and selected processing technique. This article discusses the formation of defects within metal additive manufacturing, namely fusion-based processes and solid-state/sintering processes. Defects observed in fusion-based processes include lack of fusion, keyhole...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Sintering is a thermal treatment process in which a powder or a porous material, already formed into the required shape, is converted into a useful article with the requisite microstructure. Sintering can be classified as solid-state, viscous, liquid-phase, and pressure-assisted...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003054
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... resistance, and other properties. This article discusses the fundamentals of sintering and its effects on pore structures and particle density. It addresses some of the more common sintering methods, including solid-state, liquid-phase, and gas pressure sintering, and presents alternative processes...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... powder metallurgy (PM) process of liquid-phase sintering (LPS) in hydrogen, which is capable of yielding complete densification at sintering temperatures far below the melting point of tungsten. In contrast, pure tungsten must be solid-state sintered at temperatures of ∼2200–2800 °C (3990–5070 °F...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
...-assisted consolidation reciprocating-screw machines sintering atmosphere solid state sintering tool design tooling THE PROCESS OF POWDER INJECTION MOLDING (PIM), of which metal injection molding (MIM) is the dominant segment, was first practiced in the U.S.A. in the early 1920s in the form...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005531
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
..., increase the density, and impart strength to the finished part. The process is also used to provide strength to parts produced by PIM and AM. Pressing and sintering is also used to manufacture preforms for PF. Solid-state sintering involves several micromechanisms that bond particles and lead...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006546
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... to fall into two categories: Solid-state sintering: Where powder material is subjected to a temperature below its melting point, T m (typically ~ T m /2 on the Kelvin scale), for an extended time to enable formation of bonds across particle boundaries. Pressure can also be applied to increase...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
...). Overall, sintering is the focus of much research, as many challenges must be overcome in geometry control, grain growth, and others. Different types of sintering can be used to densify powder parts, including solid-state, liquid-state, and super-solidus liquid-phase sintering ( Ref 32 ). Solid-state...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006903
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... mechanical strengths and hardness ( Fig. 1c ) ( Ref 9 , 15 ). The reduction of surface energy is the main driving force for the solid-state sintering process. Conventional and microwave heating are generally used for sintering green parts ( Ref 16 ). The green part is sintered by surface heating...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... After the two-step process, another powder layer is deposited. The process continues until the desired three-dimensional (3D) part is completed ( Ref 20 ). In general, the binding mechanisms of LPBF processes can be classified into ( Ref 21 ): Solid state sintering Liquid phase sintering...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... , Andersson B.G. , and Carlström R. , Solid State Sintered 3-D Printing Component by Using Inkjet (Binder) Method , Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy , Vol 63 ( No. 7 ), p 421 , 10.2497/jjspm.63.421 14. Fradette R. , Osterman V. , Jones W...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... can be divided into two zones: transient liquid phase sintering and final solid state sintering. Transient Liquid Phase Sintering As soon as the part reaches a temperature of 1082 °C (1983 °F), copper begins to melt and starts spreading to the neighboring particle surfaces and penetrating...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... chemical vessels commercially France 1822 Platinum powder formed into solid ingot France 1826 High-temperature sintering of platinum powder compacts on a commercial basis Russia 1829 Wollaston method of producing compact platinum from platinum sponge (basis of modern PM technique) England...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... in existing powder metallurgy processing. As such, the solid-state sintering kinetics, densification, and sensitivity to contamination from binder residual products are less understood. Notable across all of the AM copper alloys reported in the literature is the deleterious influence of porosity...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... having a propensity to show less growth during sintering than a press-fit inner ring that has somewhat more growth in comparison to the mating part. The components are fitted together as green briquettes and sintered at conventional time and temperature. The solid-state bond results from mechanical...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... size and weight control of sintered parts. Part green strength should be sufficient to allow handling the part without damage in the green state, but not so high such that flash created during green shaping cannot be removed easily. Green strength is a function of factors including green density...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... for a material are often derived by compromise. Higher temperatures are desirable to enhance diffusion and lower flow stress; however, an excessively high process temperature can lead to grain growth and promote undesirable solid-state reactions between the powder and the capsule in which it is contained...