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solid particle erosion
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...Abstract Abstract Solid particle erosion (SPE) is the loss of material that results from repeated impact of solid particles energized in a carrier fluid. This article reviews important SPE variables, their effects for different classes of materials, composites and coatings, and the mechanisms...
Abstract
Solid particle erosion (SPE) is the loss of material that results from repeated impact of solid particles energized in a carrier fluid. This article reviews important SPE variables, their effects for different classes of materials, composites and coatings, and the mechanisms and theories proposed to explain SPE. It discusses the SPE of metals, steels, and ceramics, as well as erosion of alloys with coarse, nominally two-phase microstructures in which the second-phase particles (SPPs) are typically large compared with the dimensions of the damage zone created by the impact of one particle. The article summarizes the erosion characteristics of polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and erosion-resistant coatings. The combination of parameters included in most erosion models is also summarized.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... accelerator test rig, the wind-tunnel test, and the whirling arm test. The article also details the various test methods used to measure impact velocity of particle and data analysis and interpretation of these four methods. solid particle erosive wear testing particle impact velocity particle impact...
Abstract
This article addresses the important variables in erosion, such as particle impact velocity; particle impact angle; particle size, shape, and material; and ambient temperature. It describes four erosion test methods: the gas-blast method, a method using a centrifugal accelerator test rig, the wind-tunnel test, and the whirling arm test. The article also details the various test methods used to measure impact velocity of particle and data analysis and interpretation of these four methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role...
Abstract
This article considers the main characteristics of wear mechanisms and how they can be identified. Some identification examples are reported, with the warning that this task can be difficult because of the presence of disturbing factors such as contaminants or possible additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological parameters on the material response is presented using the wear map concept, which is very useful and informative in several respects. The article concludes with guidelines for the selection of suitable surface treatments to avoid wear failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...Abstract Abstract Erosion is the progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, an impinging liquid, or impinging solid particles. The detrimental effects of erosion have caused problems...
Abstract
Erosion is the progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, an impinging liquid, or impinging solid particles. The detrimental effects of erosion have caused problems in a number of industries. This article describes the processes involved in erosion of ductile materials, brittle materials, and elastomers. Some examples of erosive wear failures are given on abrasive erosion, liquid impingement erosion, cavitation, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the article provides information on the selection of materials for applications in which erosive wear failures can occur.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is the progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, an impinging liquid, or impinging solid particles ( Ref 1 ). Erosion is a rather broad term and can be further classified into a number of more specific terms...
Abstract
Erosion occurs as the result of a number of different mechanisms, depending on the composition, size, and shape of the eroding particles; their velocity and angle of impact; and the composition of the surface being eroded. This article describes the erosion of ductile and brittle materials with the aid of models and equations. It presents three examples of erosive wear failures, namely, abrasive erosion, erosion-corrosion, and cavitation erosion.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... distinct forms of erosive wear: Dry solid particle erosion Liquid droplet erosion Cavitation erosion Slurry erosion Dry Solid Particle Erosion Liquid Droplet Erosion Cavitation Erosion Slurry Erosion When two surfaces are forced together and move relative to each other...
Abstract
The use of thermal spray coatings to restore worn surfaces has provided a significant improvement in surface performance due to improved wear resistance. This article discusses the general use of thermal spray coatings in reducing predominant types of wear, namely, abrasive wear, erosive wear, adhesive wear, and surface fatigue.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... alloys from Table 4 Forms Mode of degradation Automotive industry Engine valve seating surfaces 6, F Weld overlay Solid particle erosion, hot corrosion Power industry Control valve seating surfaces 6, 21 Weld overlay Sliding wear, cavitation erosion Steam turbine erosion...
Abstract
This article provides a general overview of physical and mechanical properties, alloy compositions, applications, and product forms of cobalt-base alloys as wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and/or heat-resistant materials. The discussion is largely focused on cobalt-base alloys for wear resistance, as this is the single largest application area of cobalt-base alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...Abstract Abstract Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear...
Abstract
Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear situations, the bodies tend to be large and contact in a well-defined location in a controlled way, unlike erosion where the eroding particles are small and interact randomly with the target surface. This article describes some generic features and modes of impact wear of metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... efficiency. Clearly the scale of the machines involved vary with the power generated. Wear related damage occurs through different modes, including fretting, impact, solid particle and liquid droplet erosion and high-speed rub between moving and stationary parts (see divisions Wear by Rolling, Sliding...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical wear and friction issues encountered in gas and steam turbines and their consequences as well as commonly adopted materials solutions. It contains tables that present the summary of wear and friction related issues encountered in steam turbines and gas turbines. The article outlines the differences in the operating conditions and the nature of the components involved in gas and steam turbines. It discusses the constraints and applicable coating solutions for wear and friction issues, and concludes with a broad set of challenges that need to be addressed to improve performance and operability of gas and steam turbines.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003630
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., is not fully understood. The impact of gases, liquids, solids, or a combination thereof onto a surface can result in erosive wear. The study of the erosion of ductile metals ( Ref 17 , 18 , 19 ) is more advanced than that of brittle materials ( Ref 20 ). Kosel ( Ref 21 ) produced a review of solid-particle...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the mechanisms of wear and their interactions with gaseous corrosion. The wear mechanisms include abrasive, erosive, fretting, and sliding. The measurement of degradation on combustion walls in coal-fired boilers is discussed. The article concludes with information on the common coating techniques used for wear-corrosion control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... be susceptible to erosion. Cavitation is caused by the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid near a metal surface. Impingement refers to damage caused by liquid jets, droplets, or solid particles impacting a solid surface. Mechanical damage to metal surfaces removes protective films...
Abstract
Erosion, cavitation, and impingement are mechanically assisted forms of material degradation that often contribute to corrosive wear. This article identifies and describes several tests that are useful for ranking the service potential of candidate materials under such conditions. The tests, designed by ASTM as G32, G73, G75, and G76, define specimen preparation, test conditions, procedures, and data interpretation. The article examines the relative influence of various test parameters on the incubation and intensity of cavitation, including temperature, pressure, flow velocity, and vibration dynamics. It concludes with a discussion on data correlations and the relationship between laboratory results and service expectations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... alloys have been evaluated under three distinct forms of erosive wear conditions: Solid particle erosion Cavitation erosion Slurry erosion Solid Particle Erosion Solid particle erosion occurs via the synergetic effect of two different material-removal mechanisms. At low erodent...
Abstract
This article focuses on the tribological behavior of group 1, 2, and 3 cobalt-base alloys, namely, carbide-type wear-resistant alloys and laves-type wear-resistant alloys. The behavior includes hardness, yield strength and ductility, and fracture toughness. The article contains a table that lists the nominal compositions and typical applications of cobalt-base alloys. It discusses the properties and relative performance of specific alloys when subjected to the more common types of wear. These include abrasive wear, high-temperature sliding wear, rolling-contact fatigue wear, and erosive wear.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... particles produced by cavitation can accelerate bearing damage. If wear particles from cavitation erosion are not removed systematically from the contact surface, these particles can cause other types of wear, such as solid-particle erosion or third-body abrasion ( Fig. 8 ). Fig. 8 Wear traces...
Abstract
This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps, and gearboxes. It provides information on the cavitation resistance of materials and other prevention parameters. The article describes two American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for the evaluation of erosion and cavitation, namely, ASTM Standard G 32 and ASTM Standard G 73. It concludes with a discussion on correlations between laboratory results and service.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., solid-particle erosion Turbines are typically designed for a 25 to 40 year life. During this long life, corrosion and other material damage can accumulate and lead to premature failures. Corrosion usually results from a combination of water chemistry, design, and materials selection problems...
Abstract
The steam turbine is the simplest and most efficient engine for converting large amounts of heat energy into mechanical work. This article discusses the primary corrosion mechanisms such as corrosion fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), pitting, corrosion, and erosion-corrosion, in steam turbines. It illustrates the various causes of the corrosiveness of the steam turbine environments through a Mollier diagram. The article describes the four parts of design disciplines that affect turbine corrosion, namely, mechanical design, heat transfer, flow and thermodynamics, and physical shape. It lists the ways to control the steam and surface chemistry, and design and material improvements to minimize turbine corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of Erosion Resistant Coatings for Compressor Airfoils , J. Can. Ceram. Soc. , Vol 63 (No. 1 ), 1994 11. Nomoto H. , Solid Particle Erosion Analysis and Protection Design for Stream Turbines , Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants , Elsevier , 2017 , p 219 10.1016/B978-0-08...
Abstract
This article focuses on common failures of the components associated with the flow path of industrial gas turbines. Examples of steam turbine blade failures are also discussed, because these components share some similarities with gas turbine blading. Some of the analytical methods used in the laboratory portion of the failure investigation are mentioned in the failure examples. The topics covered are creep, localized overheating, thermal-mechanical fatigue, high-cycle fatigue, fretting wear, erosive wear, high-temperature oxidation, hot corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement, and manufacturing and repair deficiencies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... and erosion test procedures are listed in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Volume 03.02 ( Ref 8 ): Standard No. Description G 56 Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric Printer Ribbons G 76 Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets G 65 Measuring Abrasion...
Abstract
The article provides a discussion on the parameters influencing abrasive wear and the elements and standards of abrasion wear tests. It emphasizes the general test procedures, advantages, and limitations of various types of abrasive wear testing. Wear testing for scratch wear, dry abrasion against fixed particles, dry abrasion against loose particles, wet abrasion against fixed or loose particles, gouging-abrasion, small particle erosion, impact abrasion, slurry abrasion, and microabrasion, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006431
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
....” This is especially true because most of the abrasion mechanisms are associated with scratching and plowing, and typically dissimilar materials are paired in contact, which means that ceramics will be the harder material. Solid-Particle Erosion When solid particles entrained in a fluid stream strike a surface...
Abstract
There are huge numbers of publications and data available on ceramics, especially the basic types that cover their friction, wear, tribological mechanisms, high-temperature behavior, tribochemistry, and also lubrication conditions. This article summarizes the key overall research findings found in several comprehensive monographs. It discusses the types and properties of structural ceramics, as well as typical properties that govern the friction and wear of ceramics. The article reviews the superlow friction of silicon nitride and silicon carbide, and describes wear-protective hydrated tribochemical layers. It concludes with information on the tribological applications of structural ceramics and composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... behavior and wear rate. Solid Particle Erosion Solid particle erosion is a wear process that occurs as discrete solid particles strike a surface. Erosive wear is often caused by plastic deformation or brittle fracture, but both mechanisms can also operate simultaneously ( Ref 11 ). Erosion of metals...
Abstract
Cemented carbides, best known for their superior wear resistance, have a range of industrial uses more diverse than that of any other powder metallurgy product including metalworking and mining tools and wear-resistant components. This article discusses raw materials and manufacturing methods used in the production of cemented carbides, the physical and mechanical properties of carbides, and wear mechanisms encountered in service. Emphasis is placed on tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) or tungsten carbide-nickel (WC-Ni) materials as used in nonmachining applications. Nominal composition and properties of representative cemented carbide grades and their applications are listed in a table.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and solid particle erosive wear, do not experience linear wear rates throughout their histories. For example, running in (wear in) can occur in newly replaced bearings. The initial wear rate in that case is many times higher than the steady-state wear rate. In consideration of such effects, it is sometimes...
Abstract
Wear is mechanically-induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of material. Because different types of wear occur in machinery, many different types of wear tests have been developed to evaluate its effects on materials and surface treatments. This article provides an explanation on mechanisms, forms (sliding, impact, and rolling) and the causes of wear. It describes the wear measuring methods, including the mass loss method, wear width method, and scar depth method. The units used to report wear vary with type of wear and with the purpose for which the data are to be used. Listing the considerations of tribosystem analysis, the article provides information on selection of ASTM wear test methods grouped by wear type. The article concludes by tabulating the testing geometries and parameters that are commonly controlled and reported when conducting wear tests.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005738
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... particle erosion The relevance of one or more of these design criteria is dependent on the type of application and the level of temperature and chemical exposure to which the abradable coating is exposed. A generic overview of the common types of degradation ( Fig. 2 ) shows the predominance...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of key abradable thermal spray coating systems based on predominant function and key design criteria. It describes two families of coatings which have evolved for use at higher temperature: flame (combustion)-sprayed abradable powders and atmospheric plasma-sprayed abradable powders. Three classic examples of flame spray abradables are nickel-graphite powders, NiCrAl-bentonite powders, and NiCrFeAl-boron nitride powders. The article provides information on various abradable coating testing procedures, namely, abradable incursion testing; aging, corrosion, thermal cycle and thermal shock testing; hardness testing; and erosion resistance testing.