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Book Chapter
Thermal Softening and Stress Relaxation in Copper
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Copper and copper alloys are used extensively in structural applications in which they are subject to moderately elevated temperatures. At relatively low operating temperatures, these alloys can undergo thermal softening or stress relaxation, which can lead to service failures...
Abstract
Copper and copper alloys are used extensively in structural applications in which they are subject to moderately elevated temperatures. At relatively low operating temperatures, these alloys can undergo thermal softening or stress relaxation, which can lead to service failures. This article is a collection of curves and tables that present data on thermal softening and stress-relaxation in copper and copper alloys. Thermal softening occurs over extended periods at temperatures lower than those inducing recrystallization in commercial heat treatments. Stress relaxation occurs because of the transformation of elastic strain in the material to plastic, or permanent strain.
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Examples of alloying effects on resistance to softening during tempering as...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 2 Examples of alloying effects on resistance to softening during tempering as compared to carbon steel. Effect of (a) nickel, (b) manganese, and (c) silicon. Source: Ref 2
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 9 Effect of tempering time on softening of 0.82C-0.75Mn steel. Source Ref 2
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Retardation of softening and secondary hardening during the tempering of a ...
Available to Purchase
in High-Strength Structural and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 6 Retardation of softening and secondary hardening during the tempering of a 0.35% C steel with various additions of molybdenum. Source: Ref 6
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Retardation of softening and secondary hardening during tempering of steels...
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in Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 37 Retardation of softening and secondary hardening during tempering of steels with various molybdenum contents. Source: Ref 61
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Softening characteristics of cadmium-bearing copper and silver-bearing toug...
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in Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 2 Softening characteristics of cadmium-bearing copper and silver-bearing tough pitch copper. (a) Softening curves for material cold reduced 21% in area, from 0.1 to 0.075 mm (0.0038 to 0.0030 in.) in thickness. (b) Softening curves for material cold reduced 90% in area, from 0.75 to 0.075
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Softening resistance of lead frame materials at the upper temperature limit...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 3 Softening resistance of lead frame materials at the upper temperature limit (500 °C, or 930 °F)
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Softening resistance of lead frame materials at an intermediate temperature...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 4 Softening resistance of lead frame materials at an intermediate temperature level (350 °C, or 660 °F)
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Softening characteristics of oxygen-free copper containing various amounts ...
Available to Purchase
in Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 3 Softening characteristics of oxygen-free copper containing various amounts of silver. Data are for copper wire cold worked 90% to a diameter of 2 mm (0.08 in.) and then annealed 1 2 h at various temperatures.
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 17 Softening of M2 at temperatures above the secondary hardness peak
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Stress-strain response under cyclic softening (a) or cyclic hardening (b) c...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 7 Stress-strain response under cyclic softening (a) or cyclic hardening (b) conditions
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 6 Cyclic softening of a steel under controlled-stress cycling. Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 7 Cyclic softening of a steel under controlled-strain cycling. Source: Ref 6
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 9 Cyclic softening under controlled-strain-amplitude cycling
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Softening behavior of oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) coppers compared ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 1 Softening behavior of oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) coppers compared to oxygen-free (OF) copper and copper-zirconium alloy
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Influence of reduction in thickness on softening temperature of cold rolled...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8 Influence of reduction in thickness on softening temperature of cold rolled, high-purity copper. One hour annealing time; hardness at room temperature. Source: Ref 7
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Softening characteristics of cadmium-bearing copper (C14300, represented by...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 10 Softening characteristics of cadmium-bearing copper (C14300, represented by solid lines) and silver-bearing tough pitch copper (C11400, represented by dashed lines). Source: Ref 6
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Softening behavior of three types of commercial oxygen-bearing copper in th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 11 Softening behavior of three types of commercial oxygen-bearing copper in the form of strip (8 mm or 0.32 in.). Previously annealed at 540 °C (1000 °F), cold rolled 50%, and annealed 1 h at indicated temperature. Source: Ref 9
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Influence of annealing time on softening of copper wire, reduced 93% by col...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 12 Influence of annealing time on softening of copper wire, reduced 93% by cold drawing to 0.26 mm (0.01 in.) diameter. Tensile strength at room temperature. Source: Ref 7
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Effect of previous reduction on softening and grain-growth characteristics ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 26 Effect of previous reduction on softening and grain-growth characteristics of cold-rolled 3.3 mm (0.130 in.) thick cartridge brass (30 min anneals)
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