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sleeve bearings
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 30 Exterior view of shaft and sleeve bearing on failed motor-operated switch (millimeter scale)
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003773
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes the various specimen preparation procedures for lead, lead alloys, and sleeve bearings, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The microscopic examination and microstructures of lead and lead alloys are discussed. The article also...
Abstract
This article describes the various specimen preparation procedures for lead, lead alloys, and sleeve bearings, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The microscopic examination and microstructures of lead and lead alloys are discussed. The article also provides information on the microstructures of sleeve bearing materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... parts, through-transmission breast imaging system, inspection of welds in thick materials, and inspection of sleeve-bearing stock. It describes the basic system for liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. A comparison between these techniques is also provided...
Abstract
Acoustical holography is the extension of holography into the ultrasonic domain. The basic systems for acoustical holography are the liquid-surface type and the scanning type. This article discusses the applications for acoustical holography, including inspection of large composite parts, through-transmission breast imaging system, inspection of welds in thick materials, and inspection of sleeve-bearing stock. It describes the basic system for liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. A comparison between these techniques is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003326
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of the moving surfaces under all conditions, maintains appropriate temperature, and provides an operating environment so that bearings will achieve their expected lives. Sliding bearings include sleeve and thrust bearings of various designs. Based on designs and materials selection, plain bearings operate...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of two major classes of bearings: rolling bearings and sliding, or plain, bearings. It reviews the experimental data resulted from testing of rolling and sliding bearing materials with illustration. The article presents a table that summarizes rolling contact fatigue test methods that ASTM published in STP 771. It also describes the role of lubrication in the bearings.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... alloys such as alloy 718 also appear to be very compatible with carbon fiber composites. Pitting corrosion has been seen in A286 under certain conditions. Copper-bearing alloys such as copper-nickel or Monel have a tendency to generate heavy corrosion products, although damage or loss of strength appears...
Abstract
This article focuses on the factors to be considered for selecting fasteners for joining carbon fiber composites. These considerations include corrosion compatibility, fastener materials, strength, stiffness, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, hole fit, and lightning protection.
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
) Bearing side of spacer sleeve showing disturbed metal. (e) Bearing side of lock washer showing disturbed metal. Source: Ref 164
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
similar to fretting damage. (d) Bearing side of spacer sleeve, at 4.5×, showing disturbed metal. (e) Bearing side of lockwasher, at 4.5×, showing disturbed metal
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Image
Published: 15 June 2019
. No stress is imposed on bushing until surfaces of split meet. (e) Semi-floating aluminum bushing (center), used in roll-neck bearing of rolling mill, is fixed to housing by dowels. Precision-finished steel sleeve (top)rotates freely with the shaft in the aluminum bushing, on an unbroken film of lubricant
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...-operated switch was bound so tightly that the mechanism could no longer rotate. Inspection of the drive mechanism showed that grease in the sleeve bearings had become hard ( Fig. 30 ), and subsequent EDS analysis detected the sleeve-material elements in the hardened grease. Disassembling the mechanism...
Abstract
This article focuses on the various types of corrosion-related failure mechanisms and their effects on passive electrical components. The types include halide-induced corrosion, organic-acid-induced corrosion, electrochemical metal migration, silver tarnish, fretting, and metal whiskers. The passive electrical components include resistors, capacitors, wound components, sensors, transducers, relays, switches, connectors, printed circuit boards, and hardware.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Values listed are the averages of three impressions on each alloy, using a 10 mm (0.4 in.) ball and applying a 500 kg load for 30 s. Source: Sleeve Bearing Materials, Metals Handbook , 8th ed., Vol 1, ASM, 1961; ASTM B 23-83; and Ref 1 Compositions and physical properties of lead-base babbitts...
Abstract
Babbitting is a process by which relatively soft metals are bonded chemically or mechanically to a stronger shell or stiffener which supports the weight and torsion of a rotating, oscillating, or sliding shaft. This article focuses on workpiece preparation and babbitting methods. Prior to casting, the workpiece must be scrupulously prepared by various cleaning, fluxing, and tinning steps. Babbitting of bearing shells can be accomplished by three methods, namely, static babbitting, centrifugal casting, and metal spray babbitting.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005276
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Typically, the vacuum pump and accumulator are connected to the die casting die via a combination of hard and flexible piping. In some variations of the process, the vacuum is also used to suck the molten metal through a tube into the shot sleeve, and the shot hole is closed mechanically or by the advancing...
Abstract
Vacuum high-pressure die casting uses a vacuum pump to evacuate the air and gases from the die casting die cavity and metal delivery system before and during the injection of molten metal. This article describes the conventional die casting, vacuum die casting, and high-pressure die casting processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003562
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to fretting wear. fretting wear impact fretting mechanical components normal load residual stress rolling-element bearings slip surface finish vibration frequency FRETTING is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration...
Abstract
This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration, type of contact and vibration, impact fretting, surface finish, and residual stresses. The form, composition, and role of the debris are briefly discussed. The article also describes the measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. It concludes with several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... surfaces, such as pump case rings, bearings, and seals used in nearly all industries. Debris between any two surfaces in movement can cause abrasive wear, including the formation and breakdown of surface oxides in metals and coatings. Abrasion can be caused by fibers during the manufacture of textiles...
Abstract
The use of thermal spray coatings to restore worn surfaces has provided a significant improvement in surface performance due to improved wear resistance. This article discusses the general use of thermal spray coatings in reducing predominant types of wear, namely, abrasive wear, erosive wear, adhesive wear, and surface fatigue.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003500
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Distress damages Vibration Short/open circuit Failed components Sleeve bearing Seal Coupling Shaft Pinion/ball/turning gear Casing Rotor Impeller Shroud Piston Diaphragm Wheel Blades; foil, root, shroud Labyrinth Thrust bearing Pivoted pad bearing Roller/ball bearing Cross-head piston Cylinder...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces the concepts of failure analysis and root cause analysis (RCA), and the role of failure analysis as a general engineering tool for enhancing product quality and failure prevention. It reviews four fundamental categories of physical root causes, namely, design deficiencies, material defects, manufacturing/installation defects, and service life anomalies, with examples. The article describes several common charting methods that may be useful in performing an RCA. It also discusses other failure analysis tools, including review of all sources of input and information, people interviews, laboratory investigations, stress analysis, and fracture mechanics analysis. The article concludes with information on the categories of failure and failure prevention.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.... High speed and pressure centrifugal pumps use forced lubricated bearings such as pressure dam bearings and tilting-pad bearings to stabilize the shaft. The pumps also use a floating seal as a non-contact seal to restrict leakage in the clearance between the shaft sleeve and the floating ring...
Abstract
Pumps and compressors are representative fluid machineries, which are indispensably important industrial equipment for water supply systems, chemical processing and reactions, and fluid power systems. This article addresses friction, lubrication, and wear of components in several types of machines such as positive displacement pumps including hydraulic pumps, turbo-pumps including centrifugal pumps, vacuum pumps, and compressors including the positive displacement type and turbo type.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006753
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... for Failure Analysis and Prevention ,” Failure Analysis and Prevention , Volume 11 of ASM Handbook , 2002. Some examples of design deficiencies include unintended stress raisers due to excessively sharp notches ( Ref 27 ) (e.g., in keyways on shafts) or insufficient radii (e.g., on shafts at bearing...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces the concepts of failure analysis, including root-cause analysis (RCA), and the role of failure analysis as a general engineering tool for enhancing product quality and failure prevention. It initially provides definitions of failure on several different levels, followed by a discussion on the role of failure analysis and the appreciation of quality assurance and user expectations. Systematic analysis of equipment failures reveals physical root causes that fall into one of four fundamental categories: design, manufacturing/installation, service, and material, which are discussed in the following sections along with examples. The tools available for failure analysis are then covered. Further, the article describes the categories of mode of failure: distortion or undesired deformation, fracture, corrosion, and wear. It provides information on the processes involved in RCA and the charting methods that may be useful in RCA and ends with a description of various factors associated with failure prevention.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... stresses, with engine crankshafts and pump shafts as typical examples. Apart from wear by bearings, which can be a major contributor to shaft failure (see the section “Wear” in this article), the most common cause of shaft failure is metal fatigue. Fatigue is a weakest-link phenomenon; hence, failures...
Abstract
In addition to failures in shafts, this article discusses failures in connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion (and conversely), and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It begins by discussing the origins of fracture. Next, the article describes the background information about the shaft used for examination. Then, it focuses on various failures in shafts, namely bending fatigue, torsional fatigue, axial fatigue, contact fatigue, wear, brittle fracture, and ductile fracture. Further, the article discusses the effects of distortion and corrosion on shafts. Finally, it discusses the types of stress raisers and the influence of changes in shaft diameter.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001076
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... is given in the article “Lead and Lead Alloys” in this Volume. Tin-base casting alloys are included in ASTM specification B 102, Alloy CY44A in this specification is similar to Alloy 1 in ASTM B 23 for sleeve bearings ( Tables 11 and 12 ). Composition limits of the die casting version (Alloy CY44A...
Abstract
Tin is produced from both primary and secondary sources. This article discusses the chemical compositions, production, properties, microstructure and applications of tin and tin alloys. The major tin alloys discussed here are tin-antimony-copper alloy (pewter), bearing alloy, solder alloy and other alloys containing traces of tin. Data on tin consumption in the United States is presented graphically.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... applications of MMCs. The applications include ventral fin, fuel access door covers, helicopter blade sleeve, fan exit guide vane, nozzle actuator piston rod, nozzle actuator links, T-1 racks, and hydraulic manifold. aeronautical subsystem application aeropropulsion application aerostructural...
Abstract
The primary motivation for the insertion of metal-matrix composites (MMCs) into aeronautical systems is the excellent balance of specific strength and stiffness offered by MMCs. This article provides information on the aerostructural, aeropropulsion, and aeronautical subsystem applications of MMCs. The applications include ventral fin, fuel access door covers, helicopter blade sleeve, fan exit guide vane, nozzle actuator piston rod, nozzle actuator links, T-1 racks, and hydraulic manifold.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel, are reviewed in this article. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear. Common sites for fretting are in joints that are bolted, keyed, pinned, press fitted, or riveted; in oscillating bearings, splines, and press fits...
Abstract
Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology. This article focuses on fretting wear related to debris formation and ejection. It reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel. The review covers fretting wear in mechanical components, various parameters that affect fretting; quantification of wear induced by fretting; and the experimental results, map approach, measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
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