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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes the dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices by the development of multiphase-structure thermosetting matrices using rubber and/or thermoplastic materials. It discusses two main methods for manufacturing prepregs, namely, single-pass impregnation...
Abstract
This article describes the dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices by the development of multiphase-structure thermosetting matrices using rubber and/or thermoplastic materials. It discusses two main methods for manufacturing prepregs, namely, single-pass impregnation and double-pass impregnation. The article illustrates reflected-light optical microscopy techniques to evaluate the morphology of thermoplastic materials for determining the material quality and correlating key microstructural features with material performance.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
.... The maximum depth of cut for a single ECG wheel pass is usually considered to be about 2.5 mm (0.100 in.). In surface grinding, the area of the electrode gap varies with wheel diameter and depth of cut ( Fig. 5 ). Therefore, maximum current and material removal is achieved at the maximum depth of cut. Typical...
Abstract
This article describes the various characteristics of electrochemical grinding (ECG). It discusses grinding methods that can be performed with ECG components, namely, the electrolyte delivery and circulating system, the electrolyte, the DC power supply, grinding wheel, and the workpiece. Grinding, surface grinding, internal grinding, form grinding, and cylindrical grinding are discussed. The article also lists the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of ECG.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003416
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... for prepreg and wet-rerolled rovings are similar. Each includes a winding comb (or series of rollers) that is designed to collimate the several strands of roving into a single band width for delivery to the mandrel. Wet winding differs primarily in that the dry fiber roving passes from a creel (or tensioner...
Abstract
Filament winding is a process for fabricating a composite structure in which continuous reinforcements, either previously impregnated with a matrix material or impregnated during winding, is placed over a rotating form or mandrel in a prescribed way to meet certain stress conditions. This article describes the advancements in filament winding and lists the advantages and disadvantages of filament winding. It discusses the effects of fiber tension in filament winding and the selection of fibers, resins, and materials for filament winding. The article emphasizes the three basic filament-winding patterns, such as helical, polar, and hoop. It presents information on the applications of filament winding, including rocket motors, natural gas vehicle (NGV) tanks, and sporting goods. The article presents recommendations for the basic design guidelines for filament-winding design/manufacturing process and concludes with a discussion on fabrication recommendations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... to readily pass through to ground. The high electrical current of the lightning arc can cause remelting and rapid quenching of the metal alloy, resulting in changes in microstructure and properties. Composite conductivity, however, is not as homogeneous as in metals. In carbon-fiber-reinforced composites...
Abstract
Lightning damage in polymer composites is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. This article illustrates the effects of the laboratory-generated lightning strikes on polymeric composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., a carrier liquid (water or alcohol), and an organic binder. The organic binder is burned out prior to consolidation. Wetting agents may be added to ease the infiltration of the fiber tow or preform. The fiber tow or fiber preform is impregnated with the matrix slurry by passing it through a slurry tank...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) have ability to withstand high temperatures and have superior damage tolerance over monolithic ceramics. This article describes important processing techniques for CMCs: cold pressing, sintering, hot pressing, reaction-bonding, directed oxidation, in situ chemical reaction techniques, sol-gel techniques, pyrolysis, polymer infiltration, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and electrophoretic deposition. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are highlighted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the achievements and challenges that remain in this area.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... is presented. Influence of liquid coolant and oil impregnation on flank wear Table 1 Influence of liquid coolant and oil impregnation on flank wear Material Composition Flank wear, mm Oil impregnated Cutting fluid Dry 40 passes 90 passes 40 passes 90 passes 40 passes 90 passes...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the machining guidelines that serve to improve the machinability of powder metallurgy materials. It provides a description of various cutting tool grades and tool-edge design and describes the machining conditions for common operations, namely, turning, drilling, tapping, grinding, and finishing. The article introduces a few overlooked details that can heavily influence the performance and success of the machining process. These include dwell, margin design on round tools, and proper edge hone.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001747
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... single or multiple elements. Fig. 4 Inert gas fusion system for detecting nitrogen and oxygen 1, Helium supply; 2, pressure regulator; 3, heated copper; 4, NaOH-impregnated clay; 5, Mg(CIO4) 2 desiccant; 6, flow control; 7, flow manifold; 8, gas doser (optional); 9, sample holding chamber; 10, electrode...
Abstract
Inert gas fusion is a method of determining the quantitative content of gases in ferrous and nonferrous materials where gases, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, are physically and chemically adsorbed by the materials and later removed and swept by from the fusion area by an inert carrier gas. This article describes the operating principles and sample selection of inert gas fusion. It explains the mechanisms involved in the introduction of fusion gas, separation and detection of fusion gas by thermal-conductive and infrared detection methods. Additionally, the article explains the methods used for analyzing trace amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen in the carrier mediums, providing examples that aid in solving several problems.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to bearing area. The diameter of the hole times the the surface of a plastic, with boundaries that 1270 mm (50 in.) wide. It may or may not be thickness of the material. The cross-section may be more or less sharply de ned, some- impregnated with resin and is usually fur- area of the bearing load member...
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive collection of the definition of terms related to metallurgy.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... and the accuracy required. In general, threads of 12 or 14 per 25 mm (1 in.) and finer can be ground in one pass of a single-edge wheel unless the unwrapped thread length is much greater than normal. The unwrapped length is approximately equal to the pitch circumference multiplied by the total number of thread...
Abstract
This article discusses the various elements of thread grinding processes, including thread grinding machines, tolerances, wheel selection, grinding speed, and grinding fluids. It describes truing of grinding wheels and reviews the process applications. In addition, the article describes the five basic methods employed for cylindrical thread grinding, namely, single-rib wheel traverse grinding, multirib wheel traverse grinding, multirib wheel plunge grinding, multirib wheel skip-rib, or alternate-rib, grinding, and multirib wheel three-rib grinding. It also provides an overview of centerless grinding of threads and high-volume applications of thread grinding.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., epoxy is preferred, since it has the least shrinkage during cure. Room temperature curing resins are often ideal; however, they frequently need to be cured at least 8 h at 20 °C (68 °F), as oven curing may increase shrinkage. To ensure full impregnation of the specimens, the mold can be placed...
Abstract
Microscopy is a valuable tool in materials investigations related to problem solving, failure analysis, advanced materials development, and quality control. This article describes the sample preparation techniques of composite materials. These techniques include mounting, rough grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi-fluorescence. The article also provides information on transmitted light microscopy.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.9781627081955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... dimensional requirements in both size and consistency. Excessive dimensional variation is a common customer complaint and can result in rejection of a part. Dimensional inspection is required to ensure that the parts meet the purchaser’s requirements. Visual Inspection Probably the single most...
Abstract
Nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods for cast iron are used to ensure that the parts supplied perform as required by the purchaser. This article focuses on the principal nondestructive methods used to inspect for anomalies in cast irons and to determine if the volume, shape, size, or number of these anomalies exceeds the maximum allowed by the purchaser. The nondestructive methods include visual inspection, dimensional inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic-particle inspection, eddy-current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, resonant testing, and leak testing. The technique, strengths, and weaknesses of each of the nondestructive methods are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... design factors filament winding resin systems surface considerations winding machine FILAMENT WINDING is a process that allows the precise lay-down of continuous reinforcement in predescribed patterns at a high rate of speed. In this process, continuous resin-impregnated reinforcements...
Abstract
Filament winding is a process that allows the precise lay-down of continuous reinforcement in predescribed patterns at a high rate of speed. This article discusses the filament winding process and includes a comparison to other compacting and curing processes. The article describes design factors, and techniques to produce aerodynamic surfaces, improve surface smoothness, and avoid slipping and bridging of filament. The article discusses tooling and the equipment used in the filament winding process, namely, mandrel design, winding machines, tensioners, and ovens.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract Compression molding is the single largest primary manufacturing process used for automotive composite applications. This article provides an overview of the compression molding process. It describes the basic design, materials, and processing equipment of three main groups of composite...
Abstract
Compression molding is the single largest primary manufacturing process used for automotive composite applications. This article provides an overview of the compression molding process. It describes the basic design, materials, and processing equipment of three main groups of composite materials, namely, glass-fiber-mat-reinforced thermoplastics, long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, and sheet molding compounds. The article also presents information on the application examples and market volume of compression molding.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... into a “straight-through” resin bath. This design has entry-end and exit-end plates that have been machined for both passage and alignment of fibers as they pass through the resin. This alternative method provides the necessary impregnation without the need to move the reinforcements outside of their intended...
Abstract
Pultrusion is a cost-effective automated process for manufacturing continuous, constant cross-section composite profiles. This article describes the process characteristics and advantages of pultrusion. It provides information on the applications of pultrusion and discusses the processing equipment and tooling, the material composition, and the process control essential for a basic understanding of the pultrusion process.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... from several different types of fibers, in contrast to fabrics woven from a single type of fiber. Table 2 shows typical properties of one hybrid graphite/aramid fabric. Combining fiber reinforcements allows the designer considerable flexibility. Among the reasons for the hybridization of graphite...
Abstract
This article describes the types of fabrics and preforms used in the manufacture of advanced composites and related selection, design, manufacturing, and performance considerations. The types of fabrics and preforms include unidirectional and two-directional fabrics; multidirectionally reinforced fabrics; hybrid fabrics; woven fabric prepregs; unidirectional and multidirectional tape prepregs; and the prepreg tow. The article discusses three major categories of tape manufacturing processes, namely, the hand lay-up, machine-cut patterns that are laid up by hand, and the automatic machine lay-up. It provides a description of the two classes of prepregs. These include those that are suitable for high-performance applications and suitable for lower-performance molding compounds.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... products Coated/Impregnated Abrasives Coated abrasives are single or multiple layers of abrasive products that adhere to a flexible sheet or belt. In impregnated abrasives , sold under various trade names, the abrasive is impregnated into flexible or woven material. Sometimes a layer of highly...
Abstract
Abrasive finishing is a method where a large number of multipoint or random cutting edges are coupled with abrasive grains as a bond or matrix material for effective removal of material at smaller chip sizes. This article provides a broad overview of the various categories of abrasive products and materials, abrasive finishing processes, and the mechanisms of delivering the abrasives to the grinding or machining zone. Abrasive finishing processes, such as grinding, honing, superfinishing, microgrinding, polishing, buffing, and lapping, are discussed. The article presents a brief discussion on abrasive jet machining and ultrasonic machining. It concludes with a discussion on the four categories of factors that affect the abrasive finishing or machining: machine tool, work material, wheel selection, and operational.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... The material forming area usually comes after the reinforcements have been impregnated with resin. Reinforcements are precisely positioned using porcelain bushings, metal forms, or plastic guides that have been machined to allow axial and multidirectional reinforcements to pass from one to the next before...
Abstract
Pultrusion is an automated process for manufacturing composite materials into continuous, constant cross-sectional profiles. The article provides an overview of the pultrusion process and the wide range of materials that can be used to provide a broad spectrum of composite properties. It discusses the mechanical, physical and material properties of pultruded products, and the orientation options available to utilize the properties advantageously. The article also provides guidelines for designing pultruded products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... the chopper in Fig. 1 ), which meters a specified amount of resin filler paste onto a plastic carrier film. The paste consists of several ingredients, which can be changed to fit the particular needs of specific processing conditions and applications. The carrier film passes under a chopper, which cuts glass...
Abstract
Sheet molding compounds (SMCs) refers to both material and process for producing glass-fiber-reinforced polyester resin items. This article discusses the material components incorporated into the resin paste for desirable processing and molding characteristics and optimum physical and mechanical properties, including catalyst, fillers, thickeners, pigments, thermoplastic polymers, flame retardants, and ultraviolet absorbers. It talks about the mixing techniques available for SMC resin pastes, including batch, batch/continuous, and continuous mixing. The article also outlines the design features and the operations of continuous-belt and beltless machine type SMCs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... growth. Single-crystal fibers such as sapphire may offer greater temperature capability, but creep remains a concern. There are three types of ceramic fiber fabrication methods: chemical vapor deposition, polymer pyrolysis, and the sol-gel process. The latter two involve novel techniques of obtaining...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are being developed for a number of high-temperature and high-performance applications in industrial, aerospace, and energy conservation sectors. This article focuses on processing, fabrication, testing, and characterization methods of CMCs, namely, discontinuously reinforced composites and continuous-fiber-reinforced composites. Processing methods include cold pressing, sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, melt infiltration, directed metal oxidation, sol-gel and polymer pyrolysis, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and joining. A table summarizes the properties of various ceramic reinforcements and industrial applications of these composites.
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