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signal processing
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006368
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.... This article introduces the basics of signal processing in time, frequency, and time-frequency domains. It focuses on statistical analysis of the time-domain data. Various measures of data distribution and variability are pointed out. Important signal-processing functions in the frequency domain are presented...
Abstract
Vibroacoustic analysis of mechanical systems has an important role in the engineering discipline. This can be used as a monitoring tool to obtain insights about the condition of a system, identify its probable defects, and determine the time window that the maintenance should happen. This article introduces the basics of signal processing in time, frequency, and time-frequency domains. It focuses on statistical analysis of the time-domain data. Various measures of data distribution and variability are pointed out. Important signal-processing functions in the frequency domain are presented and explained with examples. The article discusses and clarifies the benefits of time-frequency domain based on short-time Fourier transform with some practical applications. The article presents the most frequently used statistical functions. It concludes with information on some real-world applications of vibroacoustic analysis.
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Published: 01 January 1986
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 4 System for backscattering analysis and signal processing. RBS, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
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Published: 01 August 2018
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 10 Changes in ultrasonic signal velocity during processing of a compression molded carbon/ epoxy prepreg laminate. Source: Ref 12
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... surface. This article discusses the strategies for implementing thermography for NDE, including the steady-state/whole-body approach and transient heat conduction. It describes the most common signal-processing methods, such as thermographic signal reconstruction, lock-in thermography, and pulsed-phase...
Abstract
For most nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications, the term thermography actually refers to surface-excited thermography (SET) that involves thermal mapping of surface temperature as heat flows from, to, or through a test object in response to excitation applied to the sample surface. This article discusses the strategies for implementing thermography for NDE, including the steady-state/whole-body approach and transient heat conduction. It describes the most common signal-processing methods, such as thermographic signal reconstruction, lock-in thermography, and pulsed-phase thermography. The article concludes with a discussion on the use of thermal methods for thermal diffusivity measurement and characterization of multilayer structures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article focuses on different thin-film deposition techniques used to make superconducting films and discusses the properties and advantages of high-critical-temperature and low-critical-temperature materials in a number of applications, including signal processing and analog...
Abstract
This article focuses on different thin-film deposition techniques used to make superconducting films and discusses the properties and advantages of high-critical-temperature and low-critical-temperature materials in a number of applications, including signal processing and analog electronic devices. The article gives a brief introduction on superconducting materials, substrates and buffer layers and discusses the major deposition techniques such as, electron-beam co-evaporation, sputtering from either a composite target or multiple sources and laser ablation. The article also describes the in-situ film growth techniques for producing atomic oxygen by radio frequency excitation or microwave discharge or with ozone.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005935
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract This article focuses on the heat removal stages involved in quenching, and on the experimental setup used for measuring temperature and detecting sound signals with the help of illustrations and curves. The quenching process generates acoustic signals, which are the consequences...
Abstract
This article focuses on the heat removal stages involved in quenching, and on the experimental setup used for measuring temperature and detecting sound signals with the help of illustrations and curves. The quenching process generates acoustic signals, which are the consequences of the phase transformation of steel and of the boiling process at the interface during the cooling process. The sound-pressure signal is captured by the hydrophone through sound-emission measurements that occur during steel quenching in different quenching media. The analysis of the results offers an interesting approach to evaluation and, more importantly, to monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the entire quenching process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006999
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
...-emission measurement sound-pressure signals TECHNICAL PROGRESS requires improved quality and more economical production of machine parts at the same time. Therefore, most manufacturing processes of machine parts end with heat treatment that includes hardening and tempering, which provide higher...
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 8 Individual Anger camera module with scintillator 15 by 15 cm (6 by 6 in.) active area. Optics package and photomultipliers are at the very front. To optimize speed, a significant portion of the signal processing is made on the boards at the back.
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in Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Nondestructive Evaluation
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
) If harmonic content in the EMAT current must be minimized (such as may be useful for some types of signal processing), a filter, either low pass or high pass, as appropriate, is sometimes useful (but keep in mind that many EMATs are themselves a very good filter). (v) When very long EMAT current tone bursts
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... preamplifier and then to the main signal-processing equipment. The preamplifier can be miniaturized and housed inside the sensor enclosure, facilitating setup and reducing vulnerability to electromagnetic noise. Fig. 1 Typical construction of an acoustic-emission resonant sensor During an AE test...
Abstract
Acoustic-emission inspection detects and analyzes minute acoustic-emission signals generated by discontinuities in materials under applied stress. This article discusses the types of acoustic emissions (continuous-type emissions and burst-type emissions) and applications, including laboratory testing, production testing, and structural testing. The article includes a section in which the characteristics of acoustic emission inspection are compared with other nondestructive testing methods. Further, it briefly reviews the key elements of the acoustic-emission instrumentation, which includes the acoustic-emission resonant sensor.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... to generate a thermal response at the sample surface that is correlated to the thermophysical properties of the material or to a subsurface flaw or feature. The surface temperature response is detected by the IR camera, often aided by image and/or signal processing integrated into the camera or on a computer...
Abstract
Thermal nondestructive evaluation (TNDE) is an indirect process, so that regardless of the form of energy used to excite the sample, interaction with the internal structure of a part occurs through the process of heat conduction. This article discusses the steady-state configuration and selective excitation configuration of the signal-generation mechanisms in thermal nondestructive evaluation methods. The three widely used approaches to TNDE are surface-excited thermography, vibrothermography, and thermoelastic stress analysis. The article provides information on the common features, characteristics, and limitations of these approaches.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... to do this; these analyzers can be divided into two main groups: hardware-based lock-in analyzers and software-based lock-in algorithms. Hardware Lock-In Analyzers Additional insight into TSA can be realized by examining the response from the IR cameras from a signal processing perspective...
Abstract
Thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) an increasingly popular infrared (IR)-based technique for measuring stress on the surface of a part subjected to time-varying loads. This article begins by providing a theoretical and historical background of thermoelastic stress analysis. It then describes infrared detectors, such as quantum detectors and thermal/nonquantum detectors, for thermoelastic stress analysis. The article discusses the theoretical aspects for producing thermoelastic stress analysis data and the applications amenable to thermoelastic stress analysis. It concludes with information on the qualitative applications of thermoelastic stress analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... transducer (which also is the sender in pulse-echo) An echo-signal amplifier, which may include filters A display, and now in many cases, a recording and signal-processing device In the most widely used version of pulse-echo systems, a single transducer acts alternately as the sending...
Abstract
This article considers the two primary methods used for ultrasonic inspection: pulse-echo and the transmission methods. Pulse-echo inspection can be accomplished with longitudinal, shear, surface (Rayleigh), or Lamb (plate) waves using a diverse range of transducers. The article discusses the principles of each of these inspection methods. It describes the applications and the basic data formats for single-element transducer-based systems, including A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans. The article provides information on electronic equipment used for ultrasonic inspection. It also describes how specific material conditions produce and modify A-scan indications. The article provides information on the controls and their functions for the display unit of the electronic equipment. It describes the techniques used for the identification and characterization of flaws, namely, surface (Rayleigh) wave and ultrasonic polar scan techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006400
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and diagnosing machine faults but also making reliable predictions about how much longer a piece of equipment can operate safely, reliably, or economically. The recent development in computer and transducer technologies, coupled with the advances in signal processing and artificial intelligence techniques, has...
Abstract
This article introduces the concept of condition monitoring (CM) and summarizes various techniques used for CM across the industrial sectors. The techniques include visual inspection, performance monitoring, vibration condition monitoring, vibration condition monitoring, lubricant oil analysis, acoustic emission testing, temperature monitoring, motor current signature analysis, and ultrasound emission. The article describes the evolution of condition-based maintenance in CM. It also describes the basics of integrated vehicle health management, a capability that enables a number of maintenance philosophies. The article concludes with a discussion on various condition monitoring in industrial sectors, including condition-monitoring techniques in nuclear power plants, road condition monitoring, and condition monitoring in wind turbines.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... it to the main signal-processing equipment. The preamplifier can be miniaturized and housed inside the sensor enclosure, facilitating setup and reducing vulnerability to electromagnetic noise. Fig. 6 Typical construction of an acoustic emission resonant sensor Sensor Response—Broadband or Resonant...
Abstract
Acoustic emission is the generation of stress waves by sudden movement in stressed materials. This article begins with a comparison of acoustic emission from most other nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, and discusses the range of applicability of acoustic emission. It describes the instrumentation principles of acoustic emission and reviews the role of acoustic emission in materials studies. The article illustrates the testing of metal-matrix composites (MMCs) using acoustic emission and the use of acoustic emission inspection in production quality control. It concludes with information on the structural test applications of acoustic emission inspection to find defects and to assess or ensure structural integrity.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... traditionally covers several application areas. AI techniques that can be applied to the intelligent automation of joining include expert systems, intelligent data-base systems, image processing, signal analysis, fuzzy-logic systems, and artificial neural networks. An intelligent automation system usually...
Abstract
Efforts in improving the efficiency of automated equipment lead to combining automatic joining equipment with a modem computer technique eventually known as artificial intelligence (intelligent automation) that usually includes an off-line planning system and a real-time adaptive control system connected through a computer communications interface. This article focuses on the application of intelligent automation system to arc welding, called WELDEXCELL, and other joining processes. An outline of the interface between off-line planners and real-time control systems is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006936
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... “backlash,” and it results in a small offset for every other scan line if data is collected while scanning in both directions. Scan speed may also be limited by the travel times for the sound waves and signal digitization, storage, processing, and display times. Increasing the scan speed beyond these limits...
Abstract
Of the many different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, ultrasonic inspection continues to be the leading nondestructive method for inspecting composite materials, because measurements can be quantitative and the typical defect geometries and orientations lend themselves to detection and characterization. This article focuses on the three common methods for ultrasonic nondestructive inspection of plastics, namely pitch-catch, through-transmission, and pulse-echo, as well as the three basic types of ultrasonic NDE scans: the A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan. The discussion includes the linear and phased array systems that are sometimes used for large-scale inspection tasks to reduce scan times, the various gating and image processing techniques, and how ultrasonic data are interpreted and presented. A brief section on future trends in ultrasonic inspection is presented at the end of the article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005616
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... surface area with one pass, which helps minimize the lift-off variations. Considering the noise source in the eddy current method, having a small variation in the lift-off is a big advantage over many single-probe-based scan techniques. In many cases, advanced signal processing algorithms can be used...
Abstract
This article describes the fundamental aspects of three nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods of solid-state welds in terms of operation principles. These methods are radiography, ultrasound, and eddy current methods. The article provides examples of these NDE techniques performed on various types of flaws resulting from solid-state welding processes.
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