Fig. 60 Dendritic shrinkage porosity in aluminum alloy A356. Shrinkage porosity is a common imperfection in cast components and also a common location for fracture initiation. (a) Fracture surface from a fatigue specimen. 30×. (b) Same specimen as in part (a) but at lower magnification (13 More

Fig. 60 Dendritic shrinkage porosity in aluminum alloy A356. Shrinkage porosity is a common imperfection in cast components and a common location for fracture initiation. (a) Fracture surface from a fatigue specimen. Original magnification: 30×. (b) Same specimen as in part (a) but at lower More

Fig. 2 Effects of shrinkage. (a) Shrinkage cracks in matrix carbon when matrix is strongly bonded to reinforcement. (b) Debonding and shrinkage in matrix when matrix is weakly bonded to reinforcement More

Fig. 18 Effect of coating shrinkage on interfacial shear stresses. The sprayed metal cools, creating a tensile stress in the coating and a compressive stress in the underlying substrate material. These stresses may deform the substrate or weaken the bond between the sprayed coating More

Fig. 6 Dendritic structure present in the surface shrinkage porosity of an as-cast Ti-6Al-4V component More

Fig. 12 Effect of gating system on formation of shrinkage cavities. Solidification starts at the chill and progresses toward the riser. In (a), molten metal can easily feed from the riser into the entire length of the casting. In (b), the narrow portion of the casting can freeze shut before More

Fig. 2 Cumulative shrinkage of two batches of pack-carburizing compound during 20 consecutive 9 h carburizing cycles at 925 °C (1700 °F). Dust was blown out after the 20th cycle. Shrinkage for batches 2 and 4 ( Table 2 ) was intermediate to the data shown for batches 1 and 3. More

Fig. 30 Evolution of the L-design, eliminating shrinkage More

Fig. 12 Micrograph of low-alloy steel shrinkage crack. Original magnification: 7.5× More

Fig. 1 Schematic of the shrinkage of low-carbon steel. The contribution of each one of the three distinct stages of volume contraction is shown: liquid shrinkage, solidification shrinkage, and solid contraction. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 2 Schematic of sequence of solidification shrinkage in an iron cube. (a) Initial liquid metal. (b) Solid skin and formation of shrinkage void. (c) Internal shrinkage. (d) Internal shrinkage plus dishing. (e) Surface puncture More

Fig. 3 Methods of controlling shrinkage in an iron cube to reduce riser size. (a) Open-top riser. (b) Open-top riser plus chill. (c) Small open-top riser plus chill. (d) Insulated riser. (e) Insulated riser plus chill More

Fig. 9 Forms of shrinkage porosity in the sand castings of alloys that freeze in a pasty manner More

Fig. 10 Shrinkage cavities produced by skin formation in alloys More

Fig. 18 Formation of (a) the conical type of shrinkage cavity due to (b) the accumulation of solidified layers on the outer walls of the riser More

Fig. 9 Shrinkage in this aluminum sand casting (alloy 355) where the wall was too thin was eliminated by increasing the wall to 5/32 in. More

Fig. 8 Dilatometry data showing in situ shrinkage data during constant heating rate experiments and the curve-fitting results used to obtain the material parameters to predict densification of a 316L stainless steel powder. (a) Shrinkage with time. (b) Shrinkage with temperature. Source: Ref More

Fig. 20 Schematic diagram showing capillary effects on shrinkage or swelling as a function of dihedral angle and liquid volume. The sketches on the side of the plot indicate the resulting contact geometries. More

Fig. 12 (a) Porosity caused by interdendritic shrinkage during the solidification of a cast 4340 steel. The post-HIP microstructure of this component, shown in (b), provides evidence that HIP eliminated the microporosity. These two micrographs also show the potential for HIP to alter More