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George T. (Rusty) Gray, III
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Burak Akyuz, Nicholas Steinhoff
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Howard A. Kuhn
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Horacio Dante Espinosa, Sia Nemat-Nasser
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Huseyin Sehitoglu
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Image
Explosive-driven shock-loading assemblies. (a) Inclined-plate system. (b) P...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 2 Explosive-driven shock-loading assemblies. (a) Inclined-plate system. (b) Parallel-plate glass system. (c) Plane wave generator lens
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Image
Diffraction pattern from a specimen of shock-loaded Nitronic 40. The streak...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1986
Fig. 16 Diffraction pattern from a specimen of shock-loaded Nitronic 40. The streaking is due to precipitation of a coherent second phase and deformation-induced twinning. The shape of the coherent precipitates and the elastic strain they induce has caused streaking of the precipitate
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Image
Axial rib fracture due to axial shock loads and/or insufficiently supported...
Available to Purchase
in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 64 Axial rib fracture due to axial shock loads and/or insufficiently supported axial rib under high axial load in a cylindrical roller bearing. Source: Ref 24
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Image
Diffraction pattern from a specimen of shock-loaded Nitronic 40. The streak...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 35 Diffraction pattern from a specimen of shock-loaded Nitronic 40. The streaking is due to precipitation of a coherent second phase and deformation-induced twinning. The shape of the coherent precipitates and the elastic strain they induce caused streaking of the precipitate diffraction
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Book Chapter
Shock Wave Testing of Ductile Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract The study of the physical properties of ductile solids subjected to shock wave loading is undertaken to understand how the thermodynamic conditions and strain rate affect material response. This article presents a description of a range of possible experimental techniques to quantify...
Abstract
The study of the physical properties of ductile solids subjected to shock wave loading is undertaken to understand how the thermodynamic conditions and strain rate affect material response. This article presents a description of a range of possible experimental techniques to quantify the structure/property effects of planar shock waves on ductile materials (metals and alloys) due to the wave propagation through the material. The techniques include explosive-driven shock-loading methods, shock-loading methods using exploding foil and laser-driven impactors, gas/powder launcher-driven shock loading methods, and radiation-driven shock-loading methods. Design parameters for shock recovery fixtures, spallation fixtures, and the flyer-plate experiment, are also discussed.
Image
Modes of fracture of a rectangular die under (a) static load and (b) shock ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Book Chapter
Failures of Cranes and Lifting Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... the failure analysis of wire ropes and the failure of wire ropes due to corrosion, a common cause of wire-rope failure. Further, it reviews the characteristics of shock loading, abrasive wear, and stress-corrosion cracking of a wire rope. Then, the article provides information on the failure analysis...
Abstract
The types of metal components used in lifting equipment include gears, shafts, drums and sheaves, brakes, brake wheels, couplings, bearings, wheels, electrical switchgear, chains, wire rope, and hooks. This article primarily deals with many of these metal components of lifting equipment in three categories: cranes and bridges, attachments used for direct lifting, and built-in members of lifting equipment. It first reviews the mechanisms, origins, and investigation of failures. Then the article describes the materials used for lifting equipment, followed by a section explaining the failure analysis of wire ropes and the failure of wire ropes due to corrosion, a common cause of wire-rope failure. Further, it reviews the characteristics of shock loading, abrasive wear, and stress-corrosion cracking of a wire rope. Then, the article provides information on the failure analysis of chains, hooks, shafts, and cranes and related members.
Image
Plot of base-metal carbon content versus base-metal thickness of carbon ste...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
, Postweld stress relief is highly desirable for repetitively loaded or shock-loaded structures and for restrained joints having a thickness greater than 25 mm (1 in.). D, Postweld stress relief is required for all repetitively loaded or shock-loaded structures, for all restrained joints, and for all
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Image
Steel wire rope, used on a cleaning-line crane, that failed from fatigue re...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Steel wire rope, used on a cleaning-line crane, that failed from fatigue resulting from vibration caused by shock loading. (a) Section of the wire rope adjacent to the fracture. Approximately 1 1 2 ×. (b) Unetched longitudinal section of a wire from the rope showing fatigue
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Book Chapter
Overview of Mechanical Properties and Testing for Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., tensile, compressive, hardness, torsion and bend, shear load, shock, and fatigue and creep testings. It describes the design criteria for combined properties derived from each of the mechanical testing. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of environment on the mechanical properties...
Abstract
An integral aspect of designing and material selection is the use of mechanical properties derived from various mechanical testing. This article introduces the basic concepts of mechanical design and its relation with the properties derived from various mechanical testings, namely, tensile, compressive, hardness, torsion and bend, shear load, shock, and fatigue and creep testings. It describes the design criteria for combined properties derived from each of the mechanical testing. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of environment on the mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
High Strain Rate Tension and Compression Tests
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... forming, earthquakes, blast loading, structural impacts, terminal ballistics, and metalworking. This introductory article briefly reviews the dynamic factors and experimental methods for high strain rate tension testing and compression testing methods listed in Table 1 . Considerable data on the high...
Abstract
This article reviews high strain rate compression and tension test methods with a focus on the general principles, advantages, and limitations of each test method. The compression test methods are cam plastometer test, drop tower compression test, the Hopkinson bar in compression, and rod impact (Taylor) test. The flyer plate impact test, expanding ring test, split-Hopkinson bar in tension, and a test using a rotating wheel used for high strain rate tension are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Low-Velocity Impact Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003304
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , and 29 ). Plate impact experiments are used to generate such plane waves ( Ref 30 , 31 , and 32 ). These experiments provide controlled extreme stress-state loading conditions, involving one-dimensional stress-pulse...
Abstract
Impact tests are used to study dynamic deformation and failure modes of materials. This article discusses low-velocity impact experiments in single-stage gas guns. It describes surface velocity measurements with laser interferometric techniques. The article details plate impact soft-recovery experiments, pressure-shear friction experiments, and low-velocity penetration experiments. It reviews two types of plate impact soft-recovery experiments: normal plate impact and pressure-shear plate impact experiments. The article provides information on low-velocity penetration experiments, which include the setup for direct penetration experiment (rod-on-plate) and the reverse penetration experiment (plate-on-rod). It also considers high-temperature plate impact testing and impact techniques with in-material stress and velocity measurements.
Book Chapter
High Strain Rate Shear Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract This article reviews the dynamic factors, experimental methods and setup, and result analysis of different types of high strain rate shear tests. These include high strain rate torsion testing, double-notch shear testing and punch loading, drop-weight compression shear testing, thick...
Abstract
This article reviews the dynamic factors, experimental methods and setup, and result analysis of different types of high strain rate shear tests. These include high strain rate torsion testing, double-notch shear testing and punch loading, drop-weight compression shear testing, thick-walled cylinder testing, and pressure-shear plate impact testing.
Book Chapter
Thermal and Thermomechanical Fatigue of Structural Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract Structural alloys are commonly subjected to a variety of thermal and thermomechanical loads. This article provides an overview of the experimental methods in thermal fatigue (TF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and presents experimental results on the structural materials that have...
Abstract
Structural alloys are commonly subjected to a variety of thermal and thermomechanical loads. This article provides an overview of the experimental methods in thermal fatigue (TF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and presents experimental results on the structural materials that have been considered in TF and TMF research. Life prediction models and constitutive equations suited for TF and TMF are covered. The structural materials discussed include carbon steels, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, and nickel-base high-temperature alloys. The article explains crack initiation and crack propagation in TF and TMF. It describes thermal ratcheting and thermal shock behavior of structural metallic materials. The article concludes with information on life prediction of structural materials under TF and TMF.
Book Chapter
Design Considerations for Advanced Ceramics for Structural Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... in the conceptual design for acceptable reliability. This article discusses the design considerations for the use of structural ceramics for engineering applications. It describes the conceptual design and deals with fast fracture reliability, lifetime reliability, joints, attachments, interfaces, and thermal shock...
Abstract
The design process for ceramic materials is more complex than that of metals because of low-strain tolerance, low fracture toughness and brittleness. The application of structural ceramics to engineering systems hinges on the functional benefits to be derived and is manifested in the conceptual design for acceptable reliability. This article discusses the design considerations for the use of structural ceramics for engineering applications. It describes the conceptual design and deals with fast fracture reliability, lifetime reliability, joints, attachments, interfaces, and thermal shock in detailed design procedure. The article provides information on the proof testing of ceramics, and presents a short note on public domain software that helps determine the reliability of a loaded ceramic component. The article concludes with several design scenarios for gas turbine components, turbine wheels, ceramic valves, and sliding parts.
Book Chapter
Heat Treating of Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003202
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract All tool steels are heat treated to develop specific combinations of wear resistance, resistance to deformation or breaking under loads, and resistance to softening at elevated temperature. This article describes recommended heat treating practices, such as normalizing, annealing...
Abstract
All tool steels are heat treated to develop specific combinations of wear resistance, resistance to deformation or breaking under loads, and resistance to softening at elevated temperature. This article describes recommended heat treating practices, such as normalizing, annealing, austenitizing, quenching, preheating, and tempering commonly employed in certain steels. These are water-hardening tool steels, shock-resisting tool steels, oil-hardening cold-work tool steels, medium-alloy air-hardening cold-work tool steels, high-carbon high-chromium cold-work tool steels, hot-work tool steels, high-speed tool steels, low-alloy special-purpose tool steels, and mold steels. The article presents tables that list the temperature ranges, holding time, and hardness values for all of these heat treating processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... 0.80–1.10, V 0.15 min 1310–2070 (190–300) 210 (30) 45 80 (11.5) 41–55 220 (425) Heat treated before fabrication; for shock loads and moderately elevated temperature; ASTM A 232 for valve springs Modified chromium vanadium VSQ (d) , ASTM A 878 C 0.60–0.75, Cr 0.35–0.60, V 0.10–0.25 1410–2000...
Abstract
Steel springs are made in many types, shapes, and sizes, ranging from delicate hairsprings for instrument meters to massive buffer springs for railroad equipment. The primary focus of this article is small steel springs that are cold wound from wire. Wire springs are of four types: compression springs (including die springs), extension springs, torsion springs, and wire forms. Chemical composition, mechanical properties, surface quality, availability, and cost are the principal factors to be considered in selecting steel for springs. Both carbon and alloy steels are used extensively. The three types of wire used in the greatest number of applications of cold formed springs are hard-drawn spring wire, oil tempered wire and music wire. Residual stresses can increase or decrease the strength of a spring material, depending on their direction. Steel springs are often electroplated with zinc or cadmium to protect them from corrosion and abrasion. Although some hot-wound springs are made of steels that are also used for cold-wound springs, hot-wound springs are usually much larger, which results in significant metallurgical differences. All spring design is based on Hooke’s law; charts and formulas are available to aid in the design of springs.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... service. Shock Loading Shock loading of a wire rope can cause it to vibrate, producing high-frequency cyclic bending stresses in the rope. Vibration is most severe at the connection end of the rope, and can result in fatigue failure. Example 2: Fatigue Failure of a Steel Wire Rope Resulting...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanisms and common causes of failure of metal components in lifting equipment in the following three categories: cranes and bridges, particularly those for outdoor and other low-temperature service; attachments used for direct lifting, such as hooks, chains, wire rope, slings, beams, bales, and trunnions; and built-in members such as shafts, gears, and drums.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... are often preferred where the supply volume is low, but axial grooves are easier to make. Squeeze-Film Lubrication The above discussion relates to a near steady state of bearing operation. In some instances, a shock load may be imposed on a bearing in which an equilibrium fluid film was established...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of sliding bearings and describes the major groups of soft metal bearing materials: babbitts, copper-lead bearing alloys, bronze, and aluminum alloys. It provides a discussion on the methods for fluid-film lubrication in bearings. The article presents the variables of interest for a rotating shaft and the load-carrying capacity and surface roughness of bearings. Grooves and depressions are often provided in bearing surfaces to supply or feed lubricant to the load-carrying regions. The article explains the effect of contaminants in bearings and presents the steps for failure analysis of sliding bearings. It also reviews the factors responsible for bearing failure with examples.
Book Chapter
771.0 and 772.0 Sand and Permanent-Mold Casting Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006589
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... for both alloys are superior to many conventional aluminum casting alloys after solution heat treatment. The alloys are recommended for heavy shock and high static loads, and also for severe fatigue loading. These alloys may also be age hardened by a number of temper heat treatments. Typical properties...
Abstract
Alloys 771.0 and 772.0 are high-strength, shock-resistant, aluminum sand-casting alloys that develop a high combination of physical and mechanical properties in the as-cast and room-temperature-aged conditions. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of these 7xxx series alloys.
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