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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Ferrous metals are metals that contain primarily iron and may have small amounts of other elements added to give the desired properties. This article discuses the characteristics of steel products used in most industries, including construction, automotive, energy, shipping...
Abstract
Ferrous metals are metals that contain primarily iron and may have small amounts of other elements added to give the desired properties. This article discuses the characteristics of steel products used in most industries, including construction, automotive, energy, shipping, and agriculture. These products include bars, rods, wires, hot and cold rolled sheets, strip plates, tin mill products, steel tubes, castings, and forgings. The article also provides information on the methods used to prevent or control the rusting of ferrous materials, namely, alloying, coating, and covering.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006727
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... marine shipping containers, vans, trailers, motorcycles, bicycles, trucks, railroad cars, and recently (early 2000s) for automotive extruded bumpers. The alloy has good recovery of mechanical properties after welding, up to 90% of the original values of the base metal (depending on welding conditions...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for many years as industrial-type paints because of their low moisture permeability, strength, resistance to ultraviolet (UV) degradation, and ease of application. Chlorinated rubbers have found application on ships and containers, railroads, and as traffic paint for road stripes. For many years...
Abstract
Organic coatings are the principal means of corrosion control for the hulls and topsides of ships and for the splash zones on permanent offshore structures. This article describes surface preparation which is the most important consideration in determining the performance of organic coating systems. It contains a table that lists the uses and applicable standards for various surface preparation techniques. The article provides information on organic coatings in topside coating systems and reviews the importance of primers in the protection of steel substrates. It also explains the property requirements and the common types of immersion coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of ventilation over the weekend was not accounted for in the coating curing schedule, and after seven days, the tank was cleaned, sterilized, and filled for use. Immediately, the ship's crew began to complain about poor water quality, with taste and odor concerns. Testing revealed the water contained solvent...
Abstract
This article focuses on marine coatings associated with protecting commercial and military vessels. It provides detailed information on the common issues and requirements encountered when coating ballast tanks, freeboard, topside, and decks of the vessel. The article describes the advent of ultra-high solids coatings technology, and reviews the marine-specific coatings such as antifouling and their mechanisms and common failure modes.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003481
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., and resins improved rapidly after the early problems, and composites were used successfully during the 1950s in small leisure craft, yachts, and naval boats as well as in ship and submarine structures, such as radomes, sonar domes, and casings. Knowledge and confidence in composites grew...
Abstract
This article provides information on the potential applications of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for maritime craft and offshore drilling platforms. The key benefits gained from using FRP materials together with an examination of the drawbacks and major issues impeding the more widespread use of composites in marine structures are presented.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... safety factors for minehunting ships are typically between 3 and 6, and this allows the hull to contain a delamination at least 0.3 m (1 ft) long without the stiffness, strength, or fatigue performance being notably affected ( Ref 2 ). Fracture mechanics techniques and finite element analysis tools...
Abstract
It is recommended that repairs be made whenever damage consists of delamination cracks or broken fibers. This article provides an overview of the repair classification, characterization, and cycle of the composite ship structure. The methods outlined in this article, which covers gel coat repairs, patching, scarfing, and step repairs, have undergone extensive development and rigorous testing for use on composite ship structures. Resin infusion repair, which is a relatively new method for repairing marine composites, is also described.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., ships, ammunition, and other support systems to infrastructures such as wharves, buildings, utilities, and many other stationary structures. Hence, there is a major budgetary concern in routine maintenance and operations ( Ref 1 , Ref 2 , Ref 3 , Ref 4 , Ref 5 , Ref 6 , Ref 7 , Ref 8 ). Also...
Abstract
This article reviews corrosion problems in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and discusses management and maintenance aspects of the practices that address the cost and readiness. It describes the plans to institute corrosion prevention and control strategies under DoD directives in engineering design, material selection, and fabrication processes for new acquisitions. The article also suggests a long-term strategy to reduce the cost of corrosion control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... Corrosion in Freshwater Environments This environment is characterized by waters that generally come from precipitation, are not salty, contain minimal quantities of dissolved solids, especially sodium chloride, and is usually defined as containing less than 1000 mg dissolved solids per liter (mg/L...
Abstract
This article describes the various environments affecting corrosion performance, corrosion protection, and corrosion control. These include freshwater environments, marine environments, and underground environments. The article provides information on corrosion in military environments and specialized environments, representing less-well-known environments with more limited applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... material selection piping pressure vessels railroad systems sheet metal shipbuilding and offshore structures ships surface finishing weld thermal cycles weldments THE SELECTION of materials for welded construction applications involves a number of considerations, including design codes...
Abstract
The selection of materials for welded construction applications involves a number of considerations, including design codes and specifications. Mobile structures have quite different materials requirements for weight, durability, and safety than stationary structures, which are built to last for many years. This article provides an overview of the service conditions. It offers guidance for material selection applications, including bridges and buildings, pressure vessels and piping, shipbuilding and offshore structures, aerospace systems, machinery and equipment, automobiles, railroad systems, and sheet metal. Material properties and welding processes that may be significant in meeting design goals are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and the CP criteria. The article examines the design considerations and procedures involved in the CP of marine pipelines, offshore structures, and ship hulls. An illustration of sacrificial anode calculation is also provided. cathodic protection marine pipelines sacrificial anode systems...
Abstract
Cathodic protection (CP) is an electrochemical means of corrosion control widely used in the marine environment. This article discusses two types of CP systems: impressed current systems and sacrificial anode (passive) systems. It describes the anode materials used in these systems and the CP criteria. The article examines the design considerations and procedures involved in the CP of marine pipelines, offshore structures, and ship hulls. An illustration of sacrificial anode calculation is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... Abstract Coatings, such as those applied to ships, must be resistant to abrasion, in the case of cargo hold coatings, and cyclic changes of chemicals and tank cleaning, in the case of tank linings. Failures and defects can manifest themselves at various times in the life of a coating...
Abstract
Coatings, such as those applied to ships, must be resistant to abrasion, in the case of cargo hold coatings, and cyclic changes of chemicals and tank cleaning, in the case of tank linings. Failures and defects can manifest themselves at various times in the life of a coating. To determine the cause and mechanism of coating failure, all possible contributory factors must be evaluated together with a detailed history from the time of application to the time the failure was first noted. Many coating failures require further evaluation and analysis to be carried out by a qualified chemist or coating specialist, often using specialized laboratory equipment. The article presents examples of coating failures and defects, together with descriptions, probable causes, and suggested preventative measures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... the coating Numerous reports document fungal degradation of coatings and, in some cases, corrosion of the underlying metal ( Ref 7 , 8 , 9 ) in atmospheric exposures. It was reported ( Ref 10 ) that ship cargo holds coated with chlorinated rubber and carrying dry cereals and woods were severely...
Abstract
This article focuses on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of military assets. It discusses the mechanisms of MIC in hydrocarbon fuels and atmospheric, immersion, and buried environments with specific examples. The article describes the behavior of metals and alloys, namely, copper alloy, nickel alloy, titanium and titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, stainless steels, and carbon steel in immersion environments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... refractory-lined incinerators alloy-lined incinerators military systems HIGH-TEMPERATURE CORROSION AND OXIDATION occur in various military applications. Aircraft, ships, vehicles, weapon systems, and land-based facilities require power that may be supplied by boilers, diesel engines, gas turbines...
Abstract
High-temperature exposure of materials occurs in many applications such as power plants (coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear), land-based gas turbine and diesel engines, gas turbine engines for aircraft, marine gas turbine engines for shipboard use, waste incineration, high-temperature fuel cells, and missile components. This article discusses high-temperature corrosion in boilers, diesel engines, gas turbines, and waste incinerators. Boilers are affected by stress rupture failures, waterside corrosion failures, fireside corrosion failures, and environmental cracking failures. Contamination of combustion fuel in diesel engines can cause high-temperature corrosion. Gas turbine engines are affected by hot corrosion. Refractory-lined incinerators and alloy-lined incinerators are discussed. The article provides case studies for each component failure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... and often unconsidered shipping loads have caused products to arrive at their final destination with fatigue cracks. Modifications of machinery by the end user may create demands not considered in design. Seemingly innocuous welded attachments added by end users to address some unique need can change...
Abstract
Welded connections are a common location for failures for many reasons, as explained in this article. This article looks at such failures from a holistic perspective. It discusses the interaction of manufacturing-related cracking and service failures and primarily deals with failures that occur in service due to stresses caused by externally applied loads. The purpose of this article is to enable a failure analyst to identify the causative factors that lead to welded connection failure and to identify the corrective actions needed to overcome such failures in the future. Additionally, the reader will learn from the mistakes of others and use principles that will avoid the occurrence of similar failures in the future. The topics covered include failure analysis fundamentals, welded connections failure analysis, welded connections and discontinuities, and fatigue. In addition, several case studies that demonstrate how a holistic approach to failure analysis is necessary are presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005580
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., contains several references to such operations. Biringuccio was obviously intrigued by the process, because he wrote, “This seems to me an ingenious thing, little used, but of great usefulness.” For a few centuries thereafter, ordinary fire remained the principal source of heat for welding...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... elemental silicon are generally known as silicones . This classification is technically a misnomer. Frederick Kipping, an early investigator of silicone-oxygen compounds, incorrectly hypothesized that the molecules he synthesized contained a silicon-oxygen double bond analogous to the carbon-oxygen double...
Abstract
This article focuses on those areas of coatings technology where silicon-based technology (SBT) is the primary enabling technology and where SBT is used as an additive to provide unique properties to the coating film. It describes the chemistry and the uses of alkoxy silanes. The uses of silicates, siliconates, silicone fluids, and silicone resins in coatings are reviewed. The article discusses the various applications of SBT, namely, primers, heat-resistant coatings, industrial maintenance coatings, hygienic coatings, and abrasion-resistant coatings, and for marine biofouling control. It also provides information on the benefits of silicon-base additives.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003608
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... several wells are being protected using a centrally located rectifier and ground bed, the path of lowest resistance is usually to the nearest well, down the well casing until a low-resistant formation containing salt water is encountered. The current then travels through the salt-water formation...
Abstract
Stray-current corrosion is an accelerated form of corrosion caused by externally induced electric current. It can occur in unprotected pipelines and submerged metal structures located near electric power sources or anywhere voltage differences exist. This article describes common scenarios and sources of stray current along with ways to detect it and prevent the type of corrosion it can cause.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006875
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... present on skin. However, gloves may still transfer small amounts of foreign material, so contact and handling should be kept to a minimum. Surfaces should be protected from damage during handling or shipping, as described in the next section, and appropriate shipping containers should be used. Glass...
Abstract
This article discusses the importance of the care and handling of fracture specimens and what to look for during the preliminary field or laboratory observation and collection, the preservation of specimens, and the cleaning and preparation of fracture specimens for additional analyses. The preservation of nonmetallic specimens, medical devices, oversized components, light alloys, nondestructively tested components, and materials that are part of legal proceedings is addressed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001462
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to create the plasma jet that melts and propels the powder to the substrate ( Fig. 6 ). The nontransferred plasma arc is contained in the gun. The arc is maintained between a thoriated tungsten cathode and a constricting nozzle anode (copper). An inert or reducing gas under pressure enters the annular space...
Abstract
Thermal spray coatings (TSCs) are surface coatings engineered to provide wear-, erosion-, abrasion-, and corrosion-resistant coatings for original equipment manufacture and for the repair and upgrading of in-service equipment. This article presents an overview of five thermal spray processes and the specific flame and arc spray processes used to preserve large steel components and structures. It describes the TSC selection guide and an industrial process procedure guide for applying aluminum and zinc TSCs onto steel.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... in the United States also have heard the hair-raising stories of the Liberty ships built during World War II. Of 4694 ships considered in the final investigation, 24 sustained complete fracture of the strength deck, and 12 ships were either lost or broke in two. In this case, the need for tougher structural...
Abstract
The cracking process occurs slowly over the service life from various crack growth mechanisms such as fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking, creep, and hydrogen-induced cracking. Each of these mechanisms has certain characteristic features that are used in failure analysis to determine the cause of cracking or crack growth. This article discusses the macroscopic and microscopic basis of understanding and modeling fracture resistance of metals. It describes the four major types of failure modes in engineering alloys, namely, dimpled rupture, ductile striation formation, cleavage or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed.
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