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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Ferrous metals are metals that contain primarily iron and may have small amounts of other elements added to give the desired properties. This article discuses the characteristics of steel products used in most industries, including construction, automotive, energy, shipping...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006727
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... marine shipping containers, vans, trailers, motorcycles, bicycles, trucks, railroad cars, and recently (early 2000s) for automotive extruded bumpers. The alloy has good recovery of mechanical properties after welding, up to 90% of the original values of the base metal (depending on welding conditions...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for many years as industrial-type paints because of their low moisture permeability, strength, resistance to ultraviolet (UV) degradation, and ease of application. Chlorinated rubbers have found application on ships and containers, railroads, and as traffic paint for road stripes. For many years...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of ventilation over the weekend was not accounted for in the coating curing schedule, and after seven days, the tank was cleaned, sterilized, and filled for use. Immediately, the ship's crew began to complain about poor water quality, with taste and odor concerns. Testing revealed the water contained solvent...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003481
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., and resins improved rapidly after the early problems, and composites were used successfully during the 1950s in small leisure craft, yachts, and naval boats as well as in ship and submarine structures, such as radomes, sonar domes, and casings. Knowledge and confidence in composites grew...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... safety factors for minehunting ships are typically between 3 and 6, and this allows the hull to contain a delamination at least 0.3 m (1 ft) long without the stiffness, strength, or fatigue performance being notably affected ( Ref 2 ). Fracture mechanics techniques and finite element analysis tools...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., ships, ammunition, and other support systems to infrastructures such as wharves, buildings, utilities, and many other stationary structures. Hence, there is a major budgetary concern in routine maintenance and operations ( Ref 1 , Ref 2 , Ref 3 , Ref 4 , Ref 5 , Ref 6 , Ref 7 , Ref 8 ). Also...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... Corrosion in Freshwater Environments This environment is characterized by waters that generally come from precipitation, are not salty, contain minimal quantities of dissolved solids, especially sodium chloride, and is usually defined as containing less than 1000 mg dissolved solids per liter (mg/L...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... material selection piping pressure vessels railroad systems sheet metal shipbuilding and offshore structures ships surface finishing weld thermal cycles weldments THE SELECTION of materials for welded construction applications involves a number of considerations, including design codes...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and the CP criteria. The article examines the design considerations and procedures involved in the CP of marine pipelines, offshore structures, and ship hulls. An illustration of sacrificial anode calculation is also provided. cathodic protection marine pipelines sacrificial anode systems...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... Abstract Coatings, such as those applied to ships, must be resistant to abrasion, in the case of cargo hold coatings, and cyclic changes of chemicals and tank cleaning, in the case of tank linings. Failures and defects can manifest themselves at various times in the life of a coating...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... the coating Numerous reports document fungal degradation of coatings and, in some cases, corrosion of the underlying metal ( Ref 7 , 8 , 9 ) in atmospheric exposures. It was reported ( Ref 10 ) that ship cargo holds coated with chlorinated rubber and carrying dry cereals and woods were severely...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... refractory-lined incinerators alloy-lined incinerators military systems HIGH-TEMPERATURE CORROSION AND OXIDATION occur in various military applications. Aircraft, ships, vehicles, weapon systems, and land-based facilities require power that may be supplied by boilers, diesel engines, gas turbines...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... and often unconsidered shipping loads have caused products to arrive at their final destination with fatigue cracks. Modifications of machinery by the end user may create demands not considered in design. Seemingly innocuous welded attachments added by end users to address some unique need can change...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005580
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., contains several references to such operations. Biringuccio was obviously intrigued by the process, because he wrote, “This seems to me an ingenious thing, little used, but of great usefulness.” For a few centuries thereafter, ordinary fire remained the principal source of heat for welding...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... elemental silicon are generally known as silicones . This classification is technically a misnomer. Frederick Kipping, an early investigator of silicone-oxygen compounds, incorrectly hypothesized that the molecules he synthesized contained a silicon-oxygen double bond analogous to the carbon-oxygen double...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003608
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... several wells are being protected using a centrally located rectifier and ground bed, the path of lowest resistance is usually to the nearest well, down the well casing until a low-resistant formation containing salt water is encountered. The current then travels through the salt-water formation...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006875
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... present on skin. However, gloves may still transfer small amounts of foreign material, so contact and handling should be kept to a minimum. Surfaces should be protected from damage during handling or shipping, as described in the next section, and appropriate shipping containers should be used. Glass...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001462
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to create the plasma jet that melts and propels the powder to the substrate ( Fig. 6 ). The nontransferred plasma arc is contained in the gun. The arc is maintained between a thoriated tungsten cathode and a constricting nozzle anode (copper). An inert or reducing gas under pressure enters the annular space...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... in the United States also have heard the hair-raising stories of the Liberty ships built during World War II. Of 4694 ships considered in the final investigation, 24 sustained complete fracture of the strength deck, and 12 ships were either lost or broke in two. In this case, the need for tougher structural...