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Published: 01 January 1997
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.9781627081863
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing for Metalworking Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003258
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., the article details the various factors influencing workability in bulk deformation processes and formability in sheet-metal forming. mechanical testing metalworking workability product quality strength ductility hardness strain-hardening exponent strain-rate effects temperature effects...
Abstract
An important activity in metalworking facilities is the testing of raw materials for characteristics that ensure the integrity and quality of the products made. This article reviews the common material parameters that can have a direct or indirect influence on workability and product quality. These include strength, ductility, hardness, strain-hardening exponent, strain-rate effects, temperature effects, and hydrostatic pressure effects. The article also reviews the material behavior characteristics typically determined by mechanical testing methods. It discusses various mechanical testing methods, including the tension test, plane-strain tension test, compression test, plane-strain compression test, partial-width indentation test, and torsion test. Aspects of testing particularly relevant to workability and quality control for metalworking processes are also described. Finally, the article details the various factors influencing workability in bulk deformation processes and formability in sheet-metal forming.
Book Chapter
Bending of Sheet Metal
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract Bending is a common metalworking operation to create localized deformation in sheets (or blanks), plates, sections, tubes, and wires. This article emphasizes on the bending of sheet metal along with some coverage on flanging. It informs that variations in the bending stresses cause...
Abstract
Bending is a common metalworking operation to create localized deformation in sheets (or blanks), plates, sections, tubes, and wires. This article emphasizes on the bending of sheet metal along with some coverage on flanging. It informs that variations in the bending stresses cause springback after bending, and discusses the variables and their effects on springback, as well as the methods to overcome or counteract them. These methods include overbending, bottoming or setting, and stretch bending. The article provides information on elastic bending, non-cylindrical bending, elastic-plastic bending, and pure plastic bending. Sheet metal bendability is a critical factor in many forming operations. The article illustrates the derivation of two relevant bend-ductility equations.
Book Chapter
Failures Related to Metalworking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003507
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... formed parts cracking cracks forging grain flow heat treatment hydrogen content imperfections ingot pipe laminations metalworking nonmetallic inclusions pits porosity scabs seams sheet metal forming unmelted electrodes workability WROUGHT FORMS are produced by a wide variety...
Abstract
This article describes the general root causes of failure associated with wrought metals and metalworking. This includes a brief review of the discontinuities or imperfections that may be the common sources of failure-inducing defects in bulk working of wrought products. The article discusses the types of imperfections that can be traced to the original ingot product. These include chemical segregation; ingot pipe, porosity, and centerline shrinkage; high hydrogen content; nonmetallic inclusions; unmelted electrodes and shelf; and cracks, laminations, seams, pits, blisters, and scabs. The article provides a discussion on the imperfections found in steel forgings. The problems encountered in sheet metal forming are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the causes of failure in cold formed parts.
Book Chapter
Selection and Use of Lubricants in Forming of Sheet Metal
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... with lubricant selection as influenced by the metal to be formed and particular sheet-metal forming operations. Some aspects of microbiology and toxicity also are discussed, as are the increasingly important health and economic implications of laws and regulations dealing with metalworking lubrication. Economic...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the interfacial interactions with a lubricant film between a die and a metal, lubricant mechanisms, chemistry, qualification testing, application methods, and property test methods. It focuses on sheet metal-forming operations, although the discussions are relevant to metal-forming operations in general. The article also deals with lubricant selection as influenced by the metal to be formed and particular sheet-metal forming operations. The article also discusses some aspects of microbiology and toxicity in lubricants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002481
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... composites manufacturing deformation fusion welding glass joining liquid-solid-state bonding machining metal cutting metal matrix composites noncutting process polymer processing polymer-matrix composites powder processing sheet metalworking solid-state welding ENGINEERING DESIGN...
Abstract
This article explores the possibilities and limitations imposed by manufacturing processes and materials. Detailed design rules for the processes are presented. The article lists the main features of process groups in a tabular form. The physical characteristics and ratings of relative cost and production factors are also tabulated. The process groups include casting; deformation; powder processing; machining; noncutting; joining; ceramic, glass, and polymer processing; and composites manufacturing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003971
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
.... This Volume presents the state-of-the-art in bulk-metalworking processes. A companion volume ( ASM Handbook , Volume 14B, Metalworking: Sheet Forming ) describes the state-of-the-art in sheet-forming processes. Various major sections of this Volume deal with descriptions of specific processes, selection...
Abstract
Metalworking is one of the three major technologies used to fabricate metal products. This article tabulates the classification of metal forming processes. It discusses different types of metalworking equipment, including rolling mills, ring-rolling machines, and thread-rolling and surface-rolling machines. The article outlines the significant characteristics of pressing-type machines: load and energy characteristics, time-related characteristics, and accuracy characteristics. It summarizes different specialized processes such as advanced roll-forming methods, equal-channel angular extrusion, incremental forging, and microforming. The article describes the thermomechanical processing of nickel- and titanium-base alloys and concludes with information on the advancements in process simulation.
Book Chapter
Brazing With Clad Brazing Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... filler metal, which can be in the form of a foil, a paste, or a powder that has been consolidated into a sheet using a polymer carrier, is inserted between the plate and fin, and a multiple stack of plate, brazing foil, and fin is fixtured for brazing in a furnace. This complex assembly requires...
Abstract
This article focuses on clad brazing material, which is defined as any base material or alloy that is clad with an appropriate lower-melting-point brazing filler metal. It provides information on typical clad brazing strip products in a tabular form and lists the advantages of using clad brazing materials. The article compares the steps in using brazing preforms to fabricate a brazed assembly with the steps involved in using clad brazing materials. It concludes with a discussion on design and manufacturing considerations, during brazing with clad brazing materials.
Book Chapter
History and Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... Abstract Electromagnetic induction is a way to heat electrically conductive materials such as metals. This article provides a brief history of electromagnetic induction and the development of induction heating technology. It explores various applications such as heating prior to metalworking...
Abstract
Electromagnetic induction is a way to heat electrically conductive materials such as metals. This article provides a brief history of electromagnetic induction and the development of induction heating technology. It explores various applications such as heating prior to metalworking, heat treating, melting, joining (welding, brazing/soldering, and shrink fitting), coating, paint curing, adhesive bonding, and zone refining of semiconductors. The article also discusses the advantages of induction heating.
Book Chapter
Wear and Lubrication of Sheet-Metal Forming Dies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and S.L. Semiatin, Friction and Wear of Dies and Die Materials, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology , Vol 18, ASM Handbook , ASM International, 1992, p 621–648 J. Schey, Sheet Metalworking, Tribology in Metalworking , American Society for Metals, 1983 References References 1...
Abstract
This article introduces process factors that influence die wear and lubrication for metal forming operations such as bending, spinning, stretching, deep drawing, and ironing. It discusses the effects of part shape, sheet thickness, tolerance requirements, sheet metal, and lubrication on shallow forming dies. The article describes the wear of material for dies to draw round and square cup-shaped metal parts in a press. It also discusses the effect of process conditions on the shallow forming dies.
Book Chapter
Sheet Metal Forming Simulation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... “Modeling and Simulation of the Forming of Aluminum Sheet Alloys” in Metalworking: Sheet Forming , Volume 14B of ASM Handbook , Ref 17 ); hence, it is easier for implementation: (Eq 6) 2 σ ¯ m = a { | K 1 + K 2 | m + | K 1 − K 2 | m } + c...
Abstract
Simulation programs are becoming more effective tools in reducing the need for physical testing and the avoidance of costly downstream problems by solving the problems upfront in the early development stage. This article provides a brief review of the history and applied analysis of simple forming operations. It focuses on metal stamping simulation based on the finite-element methods or model (FEM) with emphasis on software tools using the three-dimensional FEM technology. The article discusses two aspects of particular importance in finite-element analysis of sheet forming and springback analysis: the type of solution algorithm/governing equation and the type of element. The article provides information on various models for material yield criteria.
Book Chapter
Selection, Application, and Disposal of Finishing Fluids
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... fluids grinding grinding fluid selection grinding waste disposal safety and environmental considerations FINISHING METHODS can include a wide variety of processes such as lapping, polishing, tumbling, and loose media. However, in keeping with metalworking tradition and for the purposes...
Abstract
Grinding is an extremely complex process that requires the consideration of a number of elements in order to make a reasonably adroit initial selection of a fluid or fluids for a manufacturing plant. In addition, the disposal of grinding wastes must meet the minimum requirements as recommended by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. This article explains the selection considerations of such fluids, as well as the applications and environmental issues related to the grinding processes.
Book Chapter
Lubrication and Wear in Sheet Forming
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006425
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.... , New Edition Technology of Plasticity , Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd. , 1986 , p 233 – 242 3. Schey J.A. , Sheet Metalworking , Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication and Wear , ASM International , 1983 , p 511 – 571 4. Joshi A.R. , Kothari K.D. , Jhala...
Abstract
This article discusses the tribology of three main sheet forming processes: deep drawing, bending, and shearing. For each process, the basic principle of the forming process is briefly explained. Tribological phenomena observed in each process, such as wear and galling, are presented. Common methods of using lubricants and coatings in sheet forming processes are also described.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... advances in the area of sheet forming. Classification of Sheet-Forming Processes In metalworking, an initially simple part—a billet or a blanked sheet, for example—is plastically deformed between tools (or dies) to obtain the desired final configuration. Metal-forming processes are usually...
Abstract
Sheet forming comprises deformation processes in which a metal blank is shaped by tools or dies, primarily under the action of tensile stresses. This article discusses the classification of sheet-forming processes for obtaining desired dimensional features. It describes different process-related developments, namely, superplastic forming of aluminum, forming of tailor-welded blanks, rubber-pad forming, and high-velocity metal forming. The article explains cost-effective approaches of evaluating tooling designs prior to the manufacture of expensive steel dies and dieless forming techniques such as thermal forming and peen forming. It provides information on the application of advanced high-strength steels, magnesium alloys, and various ultrafine-grain materials for superplastic sheet forming. The article concludes with information on the development and application of simulation, design, and control of sheet-forming processes.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Tribology in Metal Forming
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... distribution; thus, metalworking simulation is a coupled plasticity and heat transfer problem. Simulation of metal forming has become essential for a number of reasons, including elimination of workpiece defects, selection of proper equipment, and proper design of tooling. Tooling design is an extremely...
Abstract
This article describes friction force as a function of normal force in dry forming. It focuses on metal forming operations usually classified as cold working and hot working based on metallurgical considerations. The article discusses surface flattening and roughening of workpiece asperities in metal forming. It presents advanced tribology models and results for friction in isothermal forging operations in which the tooling is maintained at a temperature close to that of the workpiece. The article provides information on heat transfer models. It discusses the effect of wear in manufacturing processes. The article concludes with information on the main categories of tool and die materials used for a variety of manufacturing application.
Book Chapter
Glossary: Bulk Forming
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of terms related to metalworking operations that produce shapes from forging, extrusion, drawing, and rolling operations. drawing extrusion forging rolling ASM Handbook, Volume 14A: Metalworking: Bulk Forming Copyright © 2005 ASM...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of terms related to metalworking operations that produce shapes from forging, extrusion, drawing, and rolling operations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... further understood that tensile stresses, or better yet, hydrostatic tension, played a strong role in fracture during metalworking processes. Pioneering work by Bridgman ( Ref 3 ) during WWII showed that deforming materials under high superimposed hydrostatic pressure dramatically enhanced their ductility...
Abstract
This article discusses physical analysis, including slab method and upper-bound method and slip-line field analysis, for calculating stress states in plastic deformation processes. It presents various validation standards and models for evaluating the criterion of fracture for use in finite-element analyses of deformation processing. The article reviews the Cockcroft-Latham criterion of fracture and its reformulated extension for analysing the fracture locus for compression. It concludes with information on fundamental fracture models.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.9781627081856
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... in a double-shear test fixture ( Fig. 3 ) ( Ref 2 ) or in a single-shear mode, as in the lap-joint shear test ( Fig. 4 ) ( Ref 3 ). Through-thickness shear strength of sheet material is determined by a blanking-shear test ( Fig. 5 ). Fig. 3 Double-shear test fixture, ASTM B 565. Source: Ref 3...
Abstract
This article reviews the common methods of shear and multiaxial testing for the evaluation of engineering components such as fasteners and mill products. It discusses shear test methods, including through-thickness tests, in-plane shear tests, and double-notched shear test. The article provides information on torsional (rotational shear) tests as well as the basic equipment and setup of torsion testing. Motors, twist and torque transducers, torque sensors, and heating systems as well as the specimen preparation procedure are also discussed.
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