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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract This article reviews the origins and development of scratch tests, the experimental configurations used in these tests, and the application of the tests to characterize the mechanical response of materials. It provides information on the measurement of indentation hardness. The article...
Abstract
This article reviews the origins and development of scratch tests, the experimental configurations used in these tests, and the application of the tests to characterize the mechanical response of materials. It provides information on the measurement of indentation hardness. The article describes the important parameters of the scratch test. Finally, it discusses the sliding indentation fracture process of brittle materials.
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in Mechanically Assisted Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 6 Typical current transient that results during an 80 μm scratch test with a diamond stylus (radius of 20 μm, or 0.8 mil) on a Co-Cr-Mo surface in phosphate buffered saline potentiostatically held at a passivating potential (0 mV SCE) and loaded with a 1.5 GPa contact stress. The scratch
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in Mechanically Assisted Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Summary of scratch test for Co-Cr-Mo alloy surface demonstrating how the oxide electrochemically reacts to disruption while under potentiostatic control. (a) Peak current variation with contact load (or contact stress). (b) Peak current as a function of applied potential at a fixed
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in Methods for Determining Aqueous Corrosion Reaction Rates
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 9 Potential versus time plot of scratch test illustrating a possible location of the critical potential, E c , as it relates to the induction time and the repassivation time. Source: Ref 86
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in Carbide- and Boride-Based Thick Coatings for Abrasive Wear-Protection Applications
> Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 8 Single scratch test across the microstructure of tool steel X153CrVMo12-1. (a) Load increased from left to right. (b) Scratch width in hard phases ( W h ) is less pronounced compared to scratch width in metal matrix ( W m ). (c) Brittle fracturing of larger hard phases and removal
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in Carbide- and Boride-Based Thick Coatings for Abrasive Wear-Protection Applications
> Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 9 Single scratch test across the microstructure of tool steel NiCrBSi alloy reinforced with fused tungsten carbide (FTC). (a) Scratch track across the metal-matrix composite material. (b) Scratch track at the metal-matrix/FTC interface; microploughing and microcutting of the metal matrix
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Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 6 Typical current transient that results during an 80 μm scratch test with a diamond stylus (radius of 20 μm, or 0.8 mil) on a Co-Cr-Mo surface in phosphate buffered saline potentiostatically held at a passivating potential (0 mV SCE) and loaded with a 1.5 GPa contact stress. The scratch
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Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 8 Summary of scratch test for Co-Cr-Mo alloy surface demonstrating how the oxide electrochemically reacts to disruption while under potentiostatic control. (a) Peak current variation with contact load (or contact s). (b) Peak current as a function of applied potential at a fixed contact
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Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 6 Parameters encountered in scratch testing. F T , tangential friction force; F N , normal load; v , scratching speed
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... assisted corrosion. The article also explains the scratch test and the in vitro fretting corrosion test. cobalt alloys corrosion fretting corrosion test crevice corrosion cyclic stress mechanically assisted corrosion metallic biomaterials titanium alloys wear fretting motion electrochemical...
Abstract
This article reviews the understanding of corrosion interactions between alloys in complex geometries and in applications where there are significant cyclic stresses and potential for wear and fretting motion. These alloys include iron-base, titanium-base, and cobalt-base alloys. The article discusses the surface characteristics and electrochemical behavior of metallic biomaterials. It summaries the clinical context for mechanically assisted corrosion and describes mechanically assisted crevice corrosion. There have been several tests developed to investigate aspects of mechanically assisted corrosion. The article also explains the scratch test and the in vitro fretting corrosion test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005653
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
.... It reviews the tests developed to investigate the aspects of mechanically assisted corrosion of metallic biomaterials: the scratch test and the in vitro fretting corrosion test. cobalt-base biomedical alloys electrochemical behavior in vitro fretting corrosion test iron-base biomedical alloys...
Abstract
This article reviews the corrosion interactions between biomedical alloys, in particular iron-base, titanium-base, and cobalt-base alloys, in complex geometries and in applications where there are significant cyclic stresses and potential for wear and fretting motion. It discusses the nature of these metal surfaces and their propensity for corrosion reactions when combined with similar or different alloys in complex restrictive environments within the human body and under loading conditions. The article describes the factors that influence mechanically assisted crevice corrosion. It reviews the tests developed to investigate the aspects of mechanically assisted corrosion of metallic biomaterials: the scratch test and the in vitro fretting corrosion test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...-scanning, and scratch tests. After a discussion on gear scuffing, information on the material-dependent adhesive wear and factors preventing adhesive wear is provided. adhesive wear coefficient of friction galling metal sliding contacts scoring scuffing seizure scratch tests twist compression...
Abstract
Friction and wear are important when considering the operation and efficiency of components and mechanical systems. Among the different types and mechanisms of wear, adhesive wear is very serious. Adhesion results in a high coefficient of friction as well as in serious damage to the contacting surfaces. In extreme cases, it may lead to complete prevention of sliding; as such, adhesive wear represents one of the fundamental causes of failure for most metal sliding contacts, accounting for approximately 70% of typical component failures. This article discusses the mechanism and failure modes of adhesive wear including scoring, scuffing, seizure, and galling, and describes the processes involved in classic laboratory-type and standardized tests for the evaluation of adhesive wear. It includes information on standardized galling tests, twist compression, slider-on-flat-surface, load-scanning, and scratch tests. After a discussion on gear scuffing, information on the material-dependent adhesive wear and factors preventing adhesive wear is provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of adhesion, friction, and wear test data. It concludes with a description of devices used for testing adhesion, friction, and wear. adhesion testing friction testing scratch testing surface damage wear testing THE SURFACES OF SOLIDS play many different and important roles in technology...
Abstract
This article discusses the tests designed specifically to evaluate the adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of various material systems. It tabulates the characteristics of common types of wear and mechanical surface damage. The article also considers the displaying and analyzing of adhesion, friction, and wear test data. It concludes with a description of devices used for testing adhesion, friction, and wear.
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 10 Influence of treatment condition state on critical loads for layer breakthrough in scratch testing (according to EN 1071-3) and surface hardness (HV 5 ) of aluminum alloy 5083 and spray-formed alloy DISPAL S270. T N = 470 °C (880 °F); t N,eff = 4 h. BM, base material; N, nitrided
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract The article provides a discussion on the parameters influencing abrasive wear and the elements and standards of abrasion wear tests. It emphasizes the general test procedures, advantages, and limitations of various types of abrasive wear testing. Wear testing for scratch wear, dry...
Abstract
The article provides a discussion on the parameters influencing abrasive wear and the elements and standards of abrasion wear tests. It emphasizes the general test procedures, advantages, and limitations of various types of abrasive wear testing. Wear testing for scratch wear, dry abrasion against fixed particles, dry abrasion against loose particles, wet abrasion against fixed or loose particles, gouging-abrasion, small particle erosion, impact abrasion, slurry abrasion, and microabrasion, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... or IRHD testers; scratch hardness tests; and ultrasonic microindentation testing. This article reviews the procedures, equipment, and applications associated with these alternate hardness test methods. miscellaneous hardness test Leeb scale hardness testing scleroscope hardness testing durometer...
Abstract
Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer or IRHD testers; scratch hardness tests; and ultrasonic microindentation testing. This article reviews the procedures, equipment, and applications associated with these alternate hardness test methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... methods, frequency modulation methods, electrochemical noise resistance, potential probe methods, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization methods, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods, electrochemical noise (EN) methods, scratch-repassivation method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS...
Abstract
This article addresses electrochemical methods for instantaneous rate determination and threshold determination as well as nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Electrochemical methods for the study of galvanic corrosion rates and localized corrosion and evaluation of corrosion rates under paints are also discussed. The article describes nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Methods presented include polarization methods, polarization resistance methods, electrochemical impedance methods, frequency modulation methods, electrochemical noise resistance, potential probe methods, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization methods, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods, electrochemical noise (EN) methods, scratch-repassivation method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gravimetric determination of mass loss, electrical-resistance methods, magnetic methods, quartz crystal microbalance method, solution analysis methods, and metrological methods are nonelectrochemical methods. The article presents an electrochemical test that examines the susceptibility of stainless steel alloys to intergranular corrosion.
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Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 7 The load dependence of fracture and deformation about scratches made by a Vickers indenter in soda-lime glass. These photographs were taken in tests conducted in the Purdue scratch apparatus. (a) Scratch appears plastic until end of traverse. Load, 120 g. (b) Lateral and median cracks
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in Chromate and Chromate-Free Conversion Coatings
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 8 (a) Cross section of the simulated scratch cell. (b) Photograph of an artificial scratch cell modified to make in situ electrochemical measurements to test for self-healing by conversion coatings. Source: Ref 70
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005581
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Mechanisms and Theoretical Modeling of Bond Strength Surface preparation before cold welding is of utmost importance. In most welding applications, surface preparation consists of degreasing followed by scratch brushing. Studies of the welded and subsequently fractured bonds in scanning electron...
Abstract
Plastic deformation of one or both metals is required to obtain bonding in cold welding. This article presents a theoretical model, to explain the bond strength, based on metallographic studies and continuum mechanical analysis of the local plastic deformation in the weld interface. It describes the bonding mechanisms, with illustrations. The article discusses the alternative methods of surface preparation and quality control of the weld interface of a cold weld. It concludes with a description of a variety of metal-forming processes suitable for production of cold welds, namely, rolling, indentation, butt welding, extrusion, and shear welding.
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