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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
Abstract
Fretting is a special wear process that occurs at the contact area between two materials under load and subject to slight relative movement by vibration or some other force. This article focuses on measures to avoid or minimize crack initiation and fretting fatigue. It lists the factors that are known to influence the severity of fretting and discusses the variables that contribute to shear stresses. These variables include normal load, relative displacement (slip amplitude), and coefficient of friction. The article describes the general geometries and loading conditions for fretting fatigue. It presents the types of fretting fatigue tests and the effect of variables on fretting fatigue from different research test programs. The article also lists the general principles and practical methods for the abatement or elimination of fretting fatigue.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
Abstract
Contact fatigue is a surface-pitting-type failure commonly found in ball or roller bearings. This article discusses the mechanisms of contact fatigue found in gears, cams, valves, rails, and gear couplings. It discusses the statistical analysis of rolling contact bearing-life tests. The article concludes with information on various approaches that improve the contact fatigue resistance of rolling contact systems.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
This article describes the structure of coatings produced by plasma spraying, vapor deposition, and electrodeposition processes. The main techniques used for microstructure assessment are introduced. The relationship between the microstructure and property is also discussed. The experimental techniques for microstructural characterization include metallographic technique, X-ray diffraction, electron, microscopies, and porosimetry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003594
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... Rev. , Vol IV , 1981 , p 349 – 434 • Pawel S.J. , DeStefano J.R. , and Manneschmidt E.T. , Thermal Gradient Mass Transfer of Type 316L Stainless Steel and Alloy 718 in Flowing Mercury , J. Nucl. Mater. , Vol 296 , 2001 , p 210 – 218 10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00520-7...
Abstract
This article examines a type of corrosion that occurs when solids (primarily metals) are exposed to liquid metal environments. It describes the principle mechanisms of liquid metal corrosion, including dissolution, impurity and interstitial reactions, alloying, and compound reduction. It also provides guidelines for materials selection and alloy development based on liquid metal corrosion reactions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... , 1976 , p 79 – 93 3. Asphahani A.I. and Hodge F.G. , Nickel-Base Molybdenum-Containing Alloys for the Chemical Process Industry , Alloys for the Eighties , Barr R.Q. , Ed., Climax Molybdenum Co. , 1980 4. Matthews S.J. , Simulated Heat-Affected Zone Studies...
Abstract
This article discusses the welding characteristics, welding metallurgy, and postweld heat treatment process of nickel-base corrosion-resistant alloys containing molybdenum. It contains tables that provide information on the nominal chemical compositions and physical properties of the alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... , Corrosion Behavior of Cobalt Base Alloys in Aqueous Media , Mater. Perform. , Vol 18 ( No. 11 ), Nov 1979 2. Matthews S.J. , Maddock M.O. , and Savage W.F. , How Copper Surface Contamination Affects Weldability of Cobalt Superalloys , Weld. J. , May 1972 3. Savage...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
Abstract
Improvement in the corrosion performance of a component or structure can be achieved through proper design, surface protection, proper material selection, or combinations of all three parameters. This is an introductory article on the selection of nonferrous corrosion-resistant materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003316
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
Abstract
Fretting is a special wear process that occurs at the contact area between two materials under load and subject to slight relative movement by vibration or some other force. During fretting fatigue, cracks can initiate at very low stresses, well below the fatigue limit of nonfretted specimens. This article describes the mechanisms of fretting and fretting fatigue; stress analysis, modeling, and prediction of fretting fatigue; fretting fatigue testing; and fretting prevention methods. Three general geometries and loading conditions for fretting fatigue, along with their remedies, are reviewed.
Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrographs of fracture cross sections of an air-plasma-sprayed tungsten coating. (a) Lamellar microstructure. (b) Columnar grain structure within the splats. Source: S.J. Bull, AEA Technology
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrographs of fracture cross sections of an air plasma sprayed tungsten coating. (a) Lamellar microstructure. (b) The presence of a columnar grain structure within the splats. Source: S.J. Bull, AEA Technology
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Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 28 High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy age of η′ precipitate in a 7449 alloy in the T6 state. Courtesy of S.J. Andersen and C.D. Marioara. For further explanation, see Ref 202 .
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Image
Published: 01 January 2003
×. Courtesy of S.J. Lennon, ESCOM, and F.P.A. Robinson, University of the Witwatersrand
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Image
Published: 01 June 2016
) Corresponding high-resolution TEM image. Courtesy of S.J. Andersen and C.D. Marioara. For further explanation, see Ref 34 .
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Image
Published: 01 June 2016
. Slanted lines show the silicon network that appears as silicon rhombuses joining two (001) α planes. Courtesy of S.J. Andersen and C.D. Marioara, with permission from Hydro Aluminium
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... The establishment of ASTM specifications and, recently, ASME code cases for HIP PM products has facilitated the use of the HIP process as an alternative to casting and forging. References References 1. Mashl S.J. , Hot Isostatic Pressing of Particulate Materials , Int. J. Powder Metall. , Vol 41...
Abstract
This article discusses metal powder processing via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and HIP cladding when metal powders are being employed in the cladding process. It traces the history of the process and details the equipment, pressing cycle, and densification mechanisms for HIP. The article describes the available process routes for fabricating products using HIP and the steps involved in the production of a part via direct HIP of encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder. It concludes with information on the microstructures of 316L stainless steel HIP powder metallurgy valve body and a list of the mechanical properties of several powder metallurgy alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
Abstract
This article focuses on the axisymmetric 2.5-dimensional approach used in metal powder injection molding (PIM) simulations. It describes three stages of PIM simulations: filling, packing, and cooling. The article discusses the process features of numerical simulation of PIM, such as filling and packing analysis, cooling analysis, and coupled analysis between filling, packing, and cooling stages. It explains the experimental material properties and verification for filling, packing, and cooling stages in the PIM simulations. The article presents simulation results from some of the 2.5-dimensional examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the computer-aided engineering analysis and optimization capability of the PIM process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006581
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... , and Duty C. , Comparison of Residual Stresses in Inconel 718 Simple Parts Made by Electron Beam Melting and Direct Laser Metal Sintering , Metall. Mater. Trans. A , Vol 46 , 2015 , p 1419 – 1432 10.1007/s11661-014-2722-2 21. Liu Y.J. , Li S.J. , Wang H.L. , Hou W.T...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are known for their high-temperature strength, good fracture resistance, low specific gravity, and excellent resistance to corrosion. Ti-6Al-4V is the most commonly used titanium alloy in the aerospace, aircraft, automotive, and biomedical industries. This article discusses various additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for processing titanium and its alloys. These include directed-energy deposition (DED), powder-bed fusion (PBF), and sheet lamination. The discussion covers the effect of AM on the microstructures of the materials deposited, static and mechanical properties, and fatigue strength and fracture toughness of Ti-6Al-4V.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... as one of several tools available to the foundryman or end user—a tool that can be used when the performance requirements dictated by the application demand superior mechanical properties from a cast component. References References 1. Saller H.A. , Paprocki S.J. , Dayton R.W...
Abstract
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used to eliminate porosity in castings. This article provides a history and an overview of the HIP system. It illustrates the reasons for using HIP and discusses the criteria for selecting HIP process parameters. The main mechanisms by which pores are eliminated during HIP are reviewed. The article describes the effect of HIP on the mechanical properties, shape, and structure of castings as well as the effect of inclusions on as-HIPed properties. It examines the problems encountered in HIP and their solution. The article concludes with information on the economics of HIP processing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... that appears as silicon rhombuses joining two (001) α planes. Courtesy of S.J. Andersen and C.D. Marioara, with permission from Hydro Aluminium Growth of β″can be viewed as the addition of β″ subunits (loosely called molecules in Fig. 5 ) to existing precipitates in the lateral direction...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of alloying and heat treatment on the metastable transition precipitates that occur in age hardenable aluminum alloys. Early precipitation stages are less well understood than later ones. This article details the aging sequence and characteristics of precipitates that occur in the natural aging and artificial aging of Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) alloys, Al-Mg-Cu alloys, microalloyed Al-Mg-Cu-(Ag, Si) alloys, aluminum-lithium-base alloys, and Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu) alloys. Crystal structure, composition, dimensions, and aging conditions of precipitates are detailed. Effects of reversion, duplex annealing, and retrogression and re-aging are included.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... , and Phelps E.H. , “The Application of High Strength Low Alloy Steels in the Chemical Industry,” Mater. Perform. , Vol 18 ( No. 1 ), Jan 1979 , p 39 – 44 2. Ketcham S.J. and Jankowsky E.J. , Developing an Accelerated Test: Problems and Pitfalls . Laboratory Corrosion Tests...
Abstract
Exfoliation is a structure-dependent form of localized intergranular corrosion that follows grain boundaries in the rolling direction of wrought materials, particularly aluminum alloys. Highly cold-worked materials with elongated grain boundaries tend to be most affected. The article provides information on accelerated salt spray and total-immersion testing methods to help rate the exfoliation corrosion susceptibility of various aluminum alloys and alloy compositions. It also discusses visual assessment challenges and identifies several ASTM designations and where and how they apply.
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