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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft...
Abstract
Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft natural rubber, semihard natural rubber, hard natural rubber, neoprene or polychloroprene, chlorobutyl, three-ply linings, nitrile, and ethylene propylene with a diene monomer. Emphasis is placed on advantages, disadvantages, and common uses of each material discussed.
Book Chapter
Rubber Coatings and Linings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003695
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article presents a detailed discussion on the relative performance properties of principal rubber types used in lining applications together with their application, vulcanization and inspection techniques, and material and installation costs. vulcanization rubber coating...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed discussion on the relative performance properties of principal rubber types used in lining applications together with their application, vulcanization and inspection techniques, and material and installation costs.
Image
Installation of rubber lining. (a) Overhead application of rubber panels. (...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Fig. 19 Installation of rubber lining. (a) Overhead application of rubber panels. (b) Applying additional rubber thickness beneath the manway
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Patch repair of a defect in a rubber lining. Courtesy of Blair Rubber Compa...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 8 Patch repair of a defect in a rubber lining. Courtesy of Blair Rubber Company, Akron, OH
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A large, rubber-lined tank that requires on-site installation. Courtesy of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 1 A large, rubber-lined tank that requires on-site installation. Courtesy of Blair Rubber Company, Akron, OH
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Typical hand tools needed for custom installation of rubber lining. Courtes...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 4 Typical hand tools needed for custom installation of rubber lining. Courtesy of Blair Rubber Company, Akron, OH
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... and porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings. cementitious linings chromate conversion coating chromate-free conversion coating electroplating glasses hot dip galvanizing phosphate conversion coating porcelain enamels rubber linings thermal spray coating...
Abstract
This article provides a brief discussion on the common types of overlayers that can be used on a metal surface to protect it from corrosion. These overlayers include phosphate, chromate, and chromate-free conversion coatings; hot dip galvanizing; cementitious linings; glass and porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Environmental Performance of Nonmetallic Materials
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... and uses of these materials. ceramics organic coatings concrete elastomers nonmetallic materials plastics protective coatings refractories thermosetting resins resin-matrix composites rubber linings WHEN PEOPLE THINK OF CORROSION, they sometimes attribute such degradation to only...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the environmental performance of the most commonly used nonmetallic materials, including elastomers, plastics, thermosetting resins, resin-matrix composites, organic coatings, concrete, refractories, and ceramics. It also discusses the applications and uses of these materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... basis. Is It a Coating or Is It a Lining? “Specifications for Tank Cars,” AAR M-1002, defines a coating as a painted-on substance originating as a liquid, and a lining as an applied sheet (such as rubber). In common parlance, often the two terms are used interchangeably to refer to an interior...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the functions, applications, types, and selection criteria of exterior and interior rail coatings. It includes a discussion on the corrosivity, inspection/maintenance, and qualification of applicators/inspectors/facilities.
Image
Preparing magnesium alloys for copper plating. See text for details of solu...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
–10 65–71 150–160 Low-carbon steel; rubber Cold water rinses 1 2 –1 Ambient Ambient Low-carbon steel (a) May be preceded by solvent cleaning, mechanical cleaning, or both. (b) Mixtures containing fluorides require polyethylene, vinyl-based or synthetic rubber linings
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Book Chapter
Corrosion by Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... in rubber-lined or fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks, although plastic-fabricated polyester-reinforced thermoset plastic storage tanks have also been used. Pipelines are usually plastic-polypropylene-lined (PP) steel or FRP. Processes involving aqueous acid are commonly carried out in glass-lined...
Abstract
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) may contain traces of impurities that will change the aggressiveness of the solution. This article discusses the effects of impurities such as fluorides, ferric salts, cupric salts, chlorine, and organic solvents, in HCl. It describes the corrosion resistance of various metals and alloys in HCl, including carbon and alloy steels, austenitic stainless steels, standard ferritic stainless steels, nickel and nickel alloys, copper and copper alloys, corrosion-resistant cast iron, zirconium, titanium and titanium alloys, tantalum and its alloys, and noble metals. The article illustrates the effect of HCl on nonmetallic materials such as natural rubber, neoprene, thermoplastics, and reinforced thermoset plastics. It also tabulates the corrosion of various metals in dry hydrogen chloride.
Image
Adhesive failure along left of knit line. Cohesive failure with the rubber ...
Available to Purchase
in Fracture and Fractography of Elastomeric Materials
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 19 Adhesive failure along left of knit line. Cohesive failure with the rubber at center/right. Continuation of knit line is visible above jagged crack on right.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004186
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... rubber. High-performance fluoroelastomers and perfluoroelastomers should perform well in superphosphoric acid, but testing is advised. Rubber linings are used widely in acid evaporator bodies and may also be used for scrubbers, storage tanks, and so on in the manufacture and transportation of phosphoric...
Abstract
Phosphoric acid is less corrosive than sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. This article discusses the corrosion rates of metal alloys in phosphoric acid, including aluminum, carbon steel and cast irons, stainless steels, nickel-rich G-type alloys, copper and copper alloys, nickel alloys, lead, titanium alloys, and zirconium alloys. Nonmetallic materials may be chemically attacked in some corrosive environments, which can result in swelling, hardening, or softening phenomena; extraction of ingredients; chemical conversion of the nonmetallic constituents; cross-linking oxidation; and/or substitution reactions. The article also describes the corrosion resistance of nonmetallic materials such as rubber and elastomeric materials, plastics, carbon and graphite, and ceramic materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Etching aluminum can be a pretreatment step for anodizing, chemical conversion coating, metal-to-rubber bonding, and a host of other processes. Chemical etching, using either alkaline or acid solutions, produces a matte finish on aluminum products. This article describes the alkaline...
Abstract
Etching aluminum can be a pretreatment step for anodizing, chemical conversion coating, metal-to-rubber bonding, and a host of other processes. Chemical etching, using either alkaline or acid solutions, produces a matte finish on aluminum products. This article describes the alkaline etching and acid etching of aluminum. Alkaline etching reduces or eliminates surface scratches, nicks, extrusion die lines, and other imperfections. Acid etching can be done without heavy smut problems, particularly on aluminum die castings. Hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, nitric, phosphoric, chromic, and sulfuric acids are used in acid etching. The article presents a flow chart of the operations used in acid etching.
Book Chapter
Fracture and Fractography of Elastomeric Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006870
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... for this rubber article, several layers were placed in the mold, and the layers did not bond together uniformly. This is quite analogous to a failure on a weld/knit line. The part that performed acceptably was not fabricated using a laminate construction, indicating that a laminate construction may...
Abstract
This article examines the concept of fractography as applied to elastomeric rubbery materials. It considers four general categories of physical root failure causes: design defects, material defects, manufacturing defects, and service life anomalies. Examples of real-world failures of rubber articles, with numerous accompanying figures, are representative of the four root failure categories.
Book Chapter
Environmental Performance of Elastomers
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003848
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... of this article is the use of elastomers as seals. Also see the article “Environmental Performance of Rubber Linings” in this Volume. Thermoplastic materials are long-chain polymers that are not connected by cross links ( Fig. 1 ). Very few elastomers are the thermoplastic type. They acquire...
Abstract
Elastomers belong to a group of materials known as polymers that acquire their properties and strength from their molecular weight, chain entanglements, and crystalline regions. This article focuses on the use of elastomers as seals and describes its performance capabilities from the point of a sealant. The important technical concepts that define the performance capabilities of the elastomeric part include polymer architecture (molecular building blocks), compounding (the ingredients within the polymer), and vulcanization of the elastomer shape. The article discusses the aggressiveness of the chemical environment, temperature, and minor constituents in the environment and in the material itself that affect the chemical resistance of the elastomer. It provides a discussion on performance evaluation methods, namely, immersion testing and application specific testing that are determined using ISO and ASTM standards. The article concludes with information on elastomer failure modes and failure analysis.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... is surrounded by the tool inner mold lines, and a cavity is then designed to hold the rubber detail. The initial value for the volume of rubber at the cure temperature, V r2 , is obtained by subtracting the volume of the pan at temperature, V p2 , from the volume of the total tool cavity at temperature...
Abstract
Elastomeric tooling uses rubber details to generate required molding pressure or to serve as a pressure intensifier during composite part curing cycles. This article discusses the various aspects of the forms of commercially available bag-side elastomeric caul systems. It describes the two basic methods, such as the trapped or fixed-volume rubber method and the variable-volume rubber method, of elastomeric tooling, which use the principles of thermal expansion molding. The significant properties and controlling equations that are required to characterize elastomeric tooling material are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... can result in short service lives and lead to costly touch-ups and/or recoating. If properly applied and cured, rubber linings on carbon steel have performed well in absorbers, slurry piping, and pumps, but some can become brittle and can blister from water absorption. Periodic repairs...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the components and importance of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology used in power plant for pollution control. It further discusses the corrosion problems encountered in different operating zones of FGD system and the major forms of corrosive attack encountered in those zones, including crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, and acid attack. The article concludes with information on the materials selection and design features for minimizing the possibility of corrosion.
Image
Guidance for use of plastics and elastomers in hydrofluoric acid (HF). Regi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 9 Guidance for use of plastics and elastomers in hydrofluoric acid (HF). Regions below and left of lines are suitable in uncontaminated HF. The down arrows (↓) are the upper limit of acid concentration for the material. (a) Vapor only. Materials: 1, PTFE, perfluoroalkoxy (PFA); 2
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
) For alloys containing more than 5% Al. For all other alloys, solution contains 195 g (6.9 oz) 70% HF and water to make 3.8 L (1 gal). (g) Lined with polyethylene, synthetic rubber, or vinyl-based material. (h) Agitation of work is recommended. (i) Time determined by required thickness of nickel
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