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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft...
Abstract
Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft natural rubber, semihard natural rubber, hard natural rubber, neoprene or polychloroprene, chlorobutyl, three-ply linings, nitrile, and ethylene propylene with a diene monomer. Emphasis is placed on advantages, disadvantages, and common uses of each material discussed.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001280
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Carbides as ceramic coatings are principally used for wear and seal applications, in which the high hardness of carbides is an advantage. These applications include jet engine seals, rubber-skiving knives, paper machine knives, and plug gages. Carbide coatings for wear resistance are applied by flame...
Abstract
Ceramic coatings are applied to metals to protect them against oxidation and corrosion at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. This article provides a detailed account of the factors to be considered when selecting a ceramic coating and describes the characteristics of various coating materials, namely, silicate glasses, oxides, carbides, silicides, and cermets. It reviews ceramic coating methods: brushing, spraying, dipping, flow coating, combustion flame spraying, plasma-arc flame spraying, detonation gun spraying, pack cementation, fluidized-bed deposition, vapor streaming, troweling, and electrophoresis. The article also includes information on the evaluation of the quality of ceramic coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings. cementitious linings chromate conversion coating chromate-free conversion coating electroplating glasses hot dip galvanizing phosphate conversion coating porcelain enamels rubber linings thermal spray coating...
Abstract
This article provides a brief discussion on the common types of overlayers that can be used on a metal surface to protect it from corrosion. These overlayers include phosphate, chromate, and chromate-free conversion coatings; hot dip galvanizing; cementitious linings; glass and porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... ). Nitrile rubber has excellent resistance to grease, oils, and solvents but is susceptible to alkalies and oxygenated solvents. It is used as an adhesive, in and on paper products, in shoe heels, and in hose and tank linings for exposure to petroleum products ( Ref 8 ). It may also be hydrogenated to...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties, chemical structures, and applications of different types of elastomers grouped based on their resistance to aging (oxidative degradation), solvents, and temperature. These include butadiene rubber, natural rubber, isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, aerylonitrile-butadiene (nitrile) rubber, isobutylene-isoprene (butyl) rubber, ethylene-propylene (-diene) rubber, and silicone rubber. The article also provides an outline of the concerns related to the processing stages of rubbers or elastomers, including mixing or compounding, shaping, and vulcanizing or crosslinking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... nonferrous metals. The article reviews the various types of forming processes such as blanking, piercing, fine-edge blanking, press bending, press forming, forming by multiple-slide machines, deep drawing, stretch forming, spinning, rubber-pad forming, three-roll forming, contour roll forming, drop hammer...
Abstract
This article describes the presses that are mechanically or hydraulically powered and used for producing sheet, strip, and plate from sheet metal. It also presents the JIC standards for presses, compares the presses based on power source, details the selection criteria and provides information on the various drive systems and the auxiliary equipment. It describes the selection of die materials and lubricants for sheet metal forming and provides information on the lubrication mechanisms and selection with a list of lubricant types for forming of specific sheet materials of ferrous or nonferrous metals. The article reviews the various types of forming processes such as blanking, piercing, fine-edge blanking, press bending, press forming, forming by multiple-slide machines, deep drawing, stretch forming, spinning, rubber-pad forming, three-roll forming, contour roll forming, drop hammer forming, explosive forming, electromagnetic forming, and superplastic forming.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... Abstract Functional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are used as external pipe coatings, base layer for three-layer pipe-coating systems, internal pipe linings, and corrosion coatings for concrete reinforcing steel (rebar). This article provides information on the chemistries of FBE, and...
Abstract
Functional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are used as external pipe coatings, base layer for three-layer pipe-coating systems, internal pipe linings, and corrosion coatings for concrete reinforcing steel (rebar). This article provides information on the chemistries of FBE, and discusses the application procedures for internal and external FBE pipe coating. The procedures involve pipe inspection, surface preparation, heating, powder application, curing, cooling, coating inspection, and repairing. It describes the problems and solutions for FBE external pipe coatings, girth weld FBE application, FBE custom coatings, internal FBE pipe linings, and FBE rebar coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... was commoditized. This resulted from the demand for styrene necessary for the production of styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber in the war. The U.S. Government's establishment of The Rubber Reserve Corporation to stockpile natural rubber and foster synthetic rubber research and development precipitated...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on polyester coating applications such as powder coatings, can coatings, and automotive paints. It includes an overview, structure, properties, and benefits of vinyl ester resins. The article discusses the additives for both unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester coatings, namely, curing systems, thixotropic agents and fillers. It exemplifies polyester and vinyl ester coating, lining and flooring systems that are used for top-to-bottom protection of industrial plants and equipment. The article also highlights the concerns to be addressed when using polyesters and vinyl esters.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... production of fine filaments instead of normal atomized particles when some solutions of high-molecular-weight polymers are sprayed. Traditionally when applying chlorinated rubber coatings by conventional spray Probable causes: Too high a viscosity with some types of polymer solutions. Will occur...
Abstract
Coatings, such as those applied to ships, must be resistant to abrasion, in the case of cargo hold coatings, and cyclic changes of chemicals and tank cleaning, in the case of tank linings. Failures and defects can manifest themselves at various times in the life of a coating. To determine the cause and mechanism of coating failure, all possible contributory factors must be evaluated together with a detailed history from the time of application to the time the failure was first noted. Many coating failures require further evaluation and analysis to be carried out by a qualified chemist or coating specialist, often using specialized laboratory equipment. The article presents examples of coating failures and defects, together with descriptions, probable causes, and suggested preventative measures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... installation of the protective coating/lining system. Prior to beginning surface-preparation operations, many specifications will require a presurface-preparation inspection to verify the correction of fabrication defects and removal of surface contamination such as grease, oil, cutting compounds, lubricants...
Abstract
This article discusses the concepts of quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA), and clarifies the differences and similarities in the roles and responsibilities of QC and QA personnel. It describes the inspection procedures used to verify proper surface preparation and installation of the protective coating/lining system. Prior to beginning surface-preparation operations, many specifications will require a presurface-preparation inspection to verify the correction of fabrication defects and removal of surface contamination such as grease, oil, cutting compounds, lubricants, and chemical contaminants. When inspecting concrete prior to coating installation, three areas of concern exist: surface roughness, moisture content in concrete, and acidity/alkalinity of the surface. The article provides information on the industry standards for assessing surface cleanliness. It details postcoating application quality requirements, including measuring of dry-film thickness, assessing intercoat cleanliness, verifying minimum and maximum recoat intervals, performing holiday/pinhole detection, conducting cure/hardness testing, and assessing adhesion of the applied coating system.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... increased melt rate and temperature at the same coke usage. Reversed taper shell was a cupola design meant to concentrate the air across the entire cupola cross section for more uniform melting area and lower coke usage. Ground rubber tires were tried as a coke substitute. Rubber tires are largely...
Abstract
In high-iron-tonnage operations, the cupola remains the most efficient source of continuous high volumes of iron needed to satisfy high production foundries or the multiple casting machines of centrifugal pipe producers. This article explores successful improvement technologies in cupola equipment, including preheated air blast, recuperative hot blast systems, and duplex electric holders. It discusses the shell, intermittent or continuous tapping, tuyere and blower systems, refractory lining, water-cooled cupolas, emission-control systems, and storage and handling of the charge materials. The article provides a discussion on control tests for cupola, including the chill test and mechanical test. It concludes with information on specialized cupolas such as cokeless cupola and plasma-fired cupola.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... information on the applications and uses of these materials. ceramics organic coatings concrete elastomers nonmetallic materials plastics protective coatings refractories thermosetting resins resin-matrix composites rubber linings WHEN PEOPLE THINK OF CORROSION, they sometimes attribute...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of environmental performance of the most commonly used nonmetallic materials. The materials include elastomers, plastics, thermosetting resins, resin-matrix composites, organic coatings, concrete, refractories, and ceramics. The article also provides information on the applications and uses of these materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
..., applying the coating ( Fig. 16 ), drying, quality assurance, final bake, and periodic maintenance. Fig. 16 Interior coating of tank car For some ladings, most notably hydrochloric acid 37% and phosphoric acid 85%, the only suitable lining is sheet rubber. Although not...
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003848
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... article is the use of elastomers as seals. Also see the article “Environmental Performance of Rubber Linings” in this Volume. Thermoplastic materials are long-chain polymers that are not connected by cross links ( Fig. 1 ). Very few elastomers are the thermoplastic type. They acquire their properties...
Abstract
Elastomers belong to a group of materials known as polymers that acquire their properties and strength from their molecular weight, chain entanglements, and crystalline regions. This article focuses on the use of elastomers as seals and describes its performance capabilities from the point of a sealant. The important technical concepts that define the performance capabilities of the elastomeric part include polymer architecture (molecular building blocks), compounding (the ingredients within the polymer), and vulcanization of the elastomer shape. The article discusses the aggressiveness of the chemical environment, temperature, and minor constituents in the environment and in the material itself that affect the chemical resistance of the elastomer. It provides a discussion on performance evaluation methods, namely, immersion testing and application specific testing that are determined using ISO and ASTM standards. The article concludes with information on elastomer failure modes and failure analysis.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... metal molds, sand-lined metal molds, and other materials such as graphite and rubbers. The metallic permanent molds are most widely used because of their reusability, accurate casting geometry, and high productivity. Mold inside diameters are subject to thermal fatigue no matter what mold material is...
Abstract
This article describes the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of three centrifugal casting processes as well as the equipment used. The processes include true centrifugal casting (horizontal, vertical, or inclined) semicentrifugal (centrifugal mold) casting, and centrifuge mold (centrifugal die) casting. The article discusses the cooling, inoculation, fluxing, and extraction of casting. It reviews mold heating and coating techniques as well as various molds used for the centrifugal casting processes. The three most common defects observed in centrifugal castings are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the applications of centrifugal force in investment casting and combustion synthesis.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001229
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... be stored in rubber-lined steel tanks or glass-fiber-reinforced polyester-resin tanks. Polyester-glass linings in steel tanks are not recommended, because permeation of acid through pinholes in the lining could result in attack on the steel. Hydrofluoric acid (70%) is usually stored in plastic-lined...
Abstract
Pickling is the most common of several processes used to remove scale from steel surfaces. This article provides a discussion on pickling solutions, such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and describes the role of inhibitors in acid pickling. It discusses the equipment and processes involved in the batch, continuous, and electrolytic pickling of carbon steel components. The article describes the effects of process variables on scale removal in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It concludes with a description of pickling defects, spent pickle liquor disposal, and safety practices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... recent development. Polymeric materials include plastics, rubbers, and elastomers. Subcategories of plastics are thermoplastics, materials that can be formed using heat and generally also under pressure, and thermoset plastics, materials that undergo a plastic stage during formation and become cross...
Abstract
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material by a reaction of that material with its environment. The realization that corrosion control can be profitable has been acknowledged repeatedly by industry, typically following costly business interruptions. This article describes the electrochemical nature of corrosion and provides the typical analysis of environmental- and corrosion-related failures. It presents common methods of testing of laboratory corrosion and discusses the processes involved in the prevention of environmental- and corrosion-related failures of metals and nonmetals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... adhesives ranked by performance, with those considered high-performance first: Hybrids: Rubber-toughened epoxy, silicone, high-temperature polymers Thermoset polymers: Epoxy, phenolic, polyester, acrylic Rubbery thermosets: Polyether urethanes, polyester urethanes Thermoplastics...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the fundamentals of adhesive technology, including functions, limitations, adhesive joint types, and the key factors in the selection of adhesives, including application, type of joint, process limitation, mechanical requirement, and service conditions. It then focuses on the characteristics, types, and properties of the five groups of adhesives, such as structural, hot melt, pressure sensitive, water based, ultraviolet, and electron beam cured adhesives. The article also discusses the functions and applications of adhesive modifiers, including fillers, adhesion promoters, tackifiers, and tougheners. It gives a short note on functions of primers and primerless bonding. Applications of adhesives in automotive, aerospace, electronics, electrical, medical, sports, and construction sectors are also described. Finally, the article describes the steps in adhesive bonding, including storage and handling of adhesives, bonding preparation, adhesive application, tooling, and curing.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... water treated by ion exchange should be used when available instead of well or hard tap water. (e) For AZ31A and B, 1 2 to 1 min. (f) Line tanks with lead or with natural or synthetic rubber. (g) This pickle is preferred for AZ31B and C; an alternate pickle for wrought products...
Abstract
Surface treatments are applied to magnesium parts primarily to improve their appearance and corrosion resistance. Mechanical and chemical cleaning methods are used singly or in combination, depending on the specific application and product involved to ensure repetitive reliability. This article focuses on mechanical finishing methods, namely, barrel tumbling, polishing, buffing, vibratory finishing, fiber brushing, and shot blasting. It provides useful information on process control and difficulties with chemical and anodic treatments of magnesium alloys. The use and applications of plating and organic finishing of magnesium alloys are also reviewed. The article concludes with a description of health and safety precautions to be followed during the surface treatment process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005672
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
.... Table 3 lists performance and process attributes of those adhesives. Both are useful tools to engineers in the medical adhesive selection process. Table 2 Adhesive selection matrix for various substrates Substrate 2 Substrate 1 Stainless steel Glass Rubber PC PVC Silicone PE, PP...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of curing techniques, adhesive chemistries, surface preparation, adhesive selection, and medical applications for adhesives. The curing techniques are classified into moisture, irradiation, heat, and anaerobic. The article highlights the common types of curable adhesives used for medical device assembly, including acrylics, cyanoacrylates, epoxies, urethanes, and silicones. Other forms of adhesives, such as hot melts, bioadhesives, and pressure-sensitive adhesives, are also discussed. Adhesives are used for medical device assembly, hard-tissue attachment in the fields of orthopedics and dentistry, and soft-tissue attachment such as wound closure. The typical characteristics and applications of biocompatible medical device adhesives are listed in a table. The article concludes with a section on selection of materials for medical adhesives.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Designations and general electrical applications for elastomers Elastomer designation Chemical type Major electrical applications Trade name or common name ASTM D 1418 Natural rubber NR Natural polyisoprene The best electrical grades are excellent in most electrical properties at room...
Abstract
In terms of their electrical properties, plastics can be divided into thermosetting and thermoplastic materials, some of which are conductive or semiconductive. This article provides detailed information on factors that affect the property of plastics. It discusses the major test methods used to determine the following dielectric properties of plastics: dielectric breakdown voltage, dielectric strength, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, arc tracking resistance, insulation resistance, volume, and surface resistivity or conductivity. The test specifications and conditions, recommended by several U.S. and foreign testing organizations for characterizing the electrical properties of plastic materials are listed. The article describes the influence of these properties on selection of plastics for insulation application. An outline of the electromagnetic shielding and testing methods of electromagnetic interference are also provided. Designations, electrical properties, and applications of elastomers are tabulated.