Fig. 6 Surface roughness measurements used to define hybrid surface roughness parameters that accurately predict fatigue life when used in an effective stress-concentration factor. Source: Ref 31 More

Fig. 1 Illustration of the roughness, waviness, and general form of a surface More

Fig. 3 Focus-follow method for noncontact measurement of roughness More

Fig. 5 Surface roughness of Si 3 N 4 after (a) 0.25 μm diamond polish and (b) mechanochemical polish More

Fig. 5 Ranges of average surface roughness produced by various processing methods. Source: Machinery's Handbook , 24th ed., Industrial Press, 1992, p 672 More

Fig. 4 Surface roughness ( R a ) as a function of grain size (at 15 volts). Feed rate: (○), 2.54 mm/min; (□), 1.72 mm/min; (Δ), 0.86 mm/min More

Fig. 8 Surface roughness correction factors for standard rotating-beam fatigue life testing of steel parts. See Table 1 for correction factors from part diameter and type of loading. Source: Ref 6 More

Fig. 17 Effect of surface roughness on contact angles More

Fig. 8 Evolution of surface roughness of sheet metal and draw beads, normalized by initial surface roughness of draw beads More

Fig. 9 Evolution of surface roughness of draw beads—lower bead exit side (scale in mm) More

Fig. 10 Evolution of surface roughness of draw beads—lower bead entry side (scale in mm) More

Fig. 11 Evolution of surface roughness of draw beads—upper bead exit side (scale in mm) More

Fig. 4 Evolution of normalized surface roughness at predefined locations on draw dies for a hot dip galvanized dual-phase 600 part of 1.4 mm (0.06 in.). TD, thermal diffusion More

Fig. 5 Comparison of directly and indirectly measured surface roughness at (a) location A and (b) location C on draw die for a hot dip gelvanized dual-phase 600 part of 1.4 mm (0.06 in.). TD, thermal diffusion More

Fig. 3 Influence of surface roughness and finish on fatigue resistance of smooth specimens. Roughness and finish effects include some residual stress effects, as noted in text. Some surface treatments, such as hard chrome plating, can produce surface cracks, which result in a lower life More

Fig. 13 Stylus-type Instrument for Surface Roughness More

Fig. 1 Schematic of roughness and waviness on a surface with unidirectional lay and one flaw. See Fig. 2 for definition of R a and waviness height. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 5 Surface roughness produced by common production methods. The ranges shown are typical of the processes listed. Higher or lower values can be obtained under special conditions. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 7 Theoretical surface roughness for a face milling cutter containing teeth with a zero nose radius. Source: Ref 5 More

Fig. 8 Theoretical surface roughness for turning or face milling tools with round cutting edges. Source: Ref 5 More