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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion of different phases, and fiber and sample edge rounding and relief.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... grinding, rough polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the problems associated with specimen preparation. It concludes with a discussion on the various methods of analysis for thermal spray coatings. cleaning etching fine grinding light microscopy microstructural analysis...
Abstract
This article reviews how process variations influence the characteristics of thermal spray coatings. It describes various specimen preparation techniques, which allow accurate microstructural analysis. These techniques include sectioning, cleaning, mounting, planar grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the problems associated with specimen preparation. It concludes with a discussion on the various methods of analysis for thermal spray coatings.
Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 5 Surface roughness of Si 3 N 4 after (a) 0.25 μm diamond polish and (b) mechanochemical polish
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Image
Published: 15 June 2020
Fig. 33 Effect of etching rate on surface roughness of electrochemical polished SLM Inconel 718 alloy. Source: Ref 31
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...-collection systems. These fines could ignite, causing severe burn injuries and property damage. The standard grinding sequence of 180-grit through 600-grit papers may not be necessary because of the fast cutting rate of the subsequent rough-polishing step, which uses abrasives for metal removal. Hand...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 21 Effect of load applied to the specimen in vibratory polishing of low-carbon steel. Specimens were rough polished on 1 μm diamond and finish polished for 4 h on 0.1 μm Al 2 O 3 suspended in a 2-to-1 mixture of propylene glycol and water. (a) Using a 40 g load. (b) Using a 70 g load. (c
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 20 Effect of type of suspending liquid used in vibratory polishing of low-carbon steel. Specimens were rough polished on 1 μm diamond and finish polished for 4 h on 0.1 μm Al 2 O 3 . (a) Using propylene glycol; scratches have not been removed. (b) Using a 2-to-1 mixture of propylene
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
in a direction complementary to a medium-hard lap surface reduces specimen surface damage by minimizing pullout of oxides or unmelted particles from the coating. (c) A specimen surface with minimal deformation and pullout is obtained during the rough polishing step on a napless cloth charged with a 3 μm diamond
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... specimens that must be polished in a plane perpendicular to the rolled surface The need for connecting electrical leads to one or more specimens for subsequent electropolishing or electrolytic etching Grinding and Rough Polishing Because aluminum and its alloys are relatively soft compared...
Abstract
This article describes the metallographic technique for nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys. These include aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, lead and lead alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, magnetic alloys, tin and tin alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, refractory metals and alloys, zinc and zinc alloys, and wrought heat-resisting alloys. The preparation of specimens for metallographic technique includes operations such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching of nonferrous metals and alloys. The article contains tables that list the etchants for macroscopic examination and microscopic examination of nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... for the development of a manual polishing mount. (a) Backup sides and three specimens. (b) The mount before bonding with epoxy. (c) Mold with taped ends for retaining mounting resin and holding samples while curing. (d) Mounted specimens ready to polish. (e) Manual mount after final polish Rough Grinding...
Abstract
Microscopy is a valuable tool in materials investigations related to problem solving, failure analysis, advanced materials development, and quality control. This article describes the sample preparation techniques of composite materials. These techniques include mounting, rough grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi-fluorescence. The article also provides information on transmitted light microscopy.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of an etched steatite ceramic sample Sample Preparation Microstructural analysis requires a deformation- and damage-free sample for correct characterization. A typical preparation procedure includes sectioning, mounting, planar grinding (coarse grinding), sample integrity (rough polishing), polishing...
Abstract
Quantitative image analysis has expanded the capabilities of surface analysis significantly with the use of computer technology. This article provides an overview of the quantitative image analysis and optical microscopy. It describes the various steps involved in surface preparation of samples prone to abrasion damage and artifacts for quantitative image analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... by grinding damage—covers the polished surface. (b) The layer of disturbed metal is removed, and the structure is revealed to be lamellar pearlite. Etched using picral. 1000× Polishing Polishing of the metallographic specimen generally involves rough polishing and fine polishing. In rough polishing...
Abstract
Optical metallography, one of the most common materials characterization techniques, uses visible light to magnify structural features of interest. This article discusses the use of optical methods to evaluate micro and macrostructure and relate it to process conditions and material behavior. It covers the steps involved in sample preparation, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching, and presents several examples of macro and microanalysis on various metals and alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of pressure. The mounted specimen can then be ground and polished as described in the article, “Rough Grinding and Polishing,” in this Volume. Preparation of other metallic honeycomb-cored composites will benefit from this technique as well as thin-walled ribbed composite structures. Fig. 1 Mounted...
Abstract
This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...) rather than water on the platen and a peripheral holddown ring, and PSA-backed polishing cloths rather than stretched cloths. Metal-bonded or resin-bonded diamond grinding discs produce excellent flat surfaces for a wide variety of materials. Use hard, napless surfaces for rough polishing (until...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the metallographic techniques used for failure analysis, and on fracture examination in materials, with illustrations. It discusses various metallographic specimen preparation techniques, namely, sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and electrolytic polishing. The article also describes the microstructure examination of various materials, with emphasis on failure analysis, and concludes with information on the examination of replicas with light microscopy.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... roughness and fatigue is in reality much more complex. Typical plots of fatigue strength versus surface roughness in a given material are often produced experimentally by different surface finishing methods, such as grinding, turning with different tool radii, rough polishing, finish polishing, and lapping...
Abstract
This article presents an approach to characterize the effects of surface treatments to enhance fatigue properties, with particular concern for wear, corrosion, and thermal effects. It discusses the considerations in selecting fabrication or subsequent surface processing procedures to improve fatigue resistance in terms of their respective effects on fatigue performance. The article details the experimental data sets representing specific materials, typical test geometries, and a range of different processing methods used to enhance resistance as compared to results for laboratory tests.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003747
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... The effectiveness of an abrasion stage must be judged on how quickly it removes the preexisting deformed layer. Also considered are the depths of the damaged layer and the scratches that abrasion produces. Similarly, the first objective of rough polishing must be effective removal of abrasion damage...
Abstract
This article illustrates how objective experiments and comparisons can be used to develop surface preparation procedures for metallographic examination of structural features of metals. These procedures are classified as machining, grinding and abrasion, or polishing. The article describes the abrasion artifacts in austenitic steels, zinc, ferritic steels, and pearlitic steels, and other effects of abrasion damages, including flatness of abraded surfaces and embedding of abrasive. Different polishing damages, such as degradation of etching contrast and scratch traces, are reviewed. The article explains the final-polishing processes such as skid polishing, vibratory polishing methods, etch-attack and electromechanical polishing, and polishing with special abrasives. An overview of special polishing techniques for unusual materials such as very hard and very soft materials is provided. The article concludes with a discussion on semiautomatic preparation procedures, providing information on procedures based on the use of diamond abrasives charged in a carrier paste and in a suspension.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... are 60 to 120 s with the direction of grinding changed after each paper. SiC paper has a short life and is not reusable. Coarse, waterproof aluminum oxide paper is now available for rough (planar) grinding, and its life is substantially greater than that of standard SiC paper. Mechanical Polishing...
Abstract
Proper sectioning of the surface to be examined is a very important step in preparing steel specimens. The first step in preventing damage to the metallurgical structure is to minimize the amount of sectioning that is done. This article discusses the various metallographic techniques, namely mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching involved in the microstructural analysis of carbon and alloy steels, case hardening steels, cast iron, ferrous powder metallurgy alloys, wrought and cast stainless steels, tool materials, steel castings, iron-chromium-nickel heat-resistant casting alloys and different product forms of steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... ), staining ( Fig. 13 ), relief (height differences between different constituents, or between holes and constituents) ( Fig. 14 ), or embedding ( Fig. 15 ). Polishing usually is conducted in several stages. Rough polishing is conducted with 9, 6, and/or 3 μm diamond abrasives charged onto napless or low-nap...
Abstract
Metallographic examination is one of the most important procedures used by metallurgists in failure analysis. Typically, the light microscope (LM) is used to assess the nature of the material microstructure and its influence on the failure mechanism. Microstructural examination can be performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) over the same magnification range as the LM, but examination with the latter is more efficient. This article describes the major operations in the preparation of metallographic specimens, namely sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The influence of microstructures on the failure of a material is discussed and examples of such work are given to illustrate the value of light microscopy. In addition, information on heat-treatment-related failures, fabrication-/machining-related failures, and service failures is provided, with examples created using light microscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... papers are sometimes used. Rough Polishing Most coppers and copper alloys are relatively soft and thus require cutting with minimum rubbing. Rough polishing should be performed using diamond-impregnated nylon cloth. Duck canvas, wool broadcloth, and cotton (listed in order of decreasing preference...
Abstract
This article describes the microstructure of copper alloys, including copper-zinc (brasses), bronzes, copper-nickel, and copper-nickel-zinc, and examines the effect of oxygen content on alloy phases observed in different product forms. The article also discusses inclusions, etchants, and the effect of composition and processing on grain structure and growth rates.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...-, 320-, 400-, then 600-grit abrasives. The sample is rotated 90° between each grinding. Silicon carbide or Al 2 O 3 abrasives may be used. Mechanical Polishing Mechanical polishing is usually accomplished in rough and final stages. Rough polishing is performed using a 6 μm diamond on a wheel...
Abstract
The two major types of beryllium-containing alloys are copper-berylliums and nickel-berylliums. The most widely used beryllium-containing alloys are wrought copper-berylliums, which provide good strength while retaining useful levels of electrical and thermal conductivity. This article provides information on the specimen preparation procedures, macroexamination, microexamination, and microstructures of beryllium, copper-beryllium alloys, as well as nickel-beryllium alloys. It also discusses health and safety measures associated with the specimen preparation of beryllium and beryllium-containing alloys.
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