Search Results for rough polishing

Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion of different phases, and fiber and sample edge rounding and relief.

This article reviews how process variations influence the characteristics of thermal spray coatings. It describes various specimen preparation techniques, which allow accurate microstructural analysis. These techniques include sectioning, cleaning, mounting, planar grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the problems associated with specimen preparation. It concludes with a discussion on the various methods of analysis for thermal spray coatings.

Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.

This article describes the metallographic technique for nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys. These include aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, lead and lead alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, magnetic alloys, tin and tin alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, refractory metals and alloys, zinc and zinc alloys, and wrought heat-resisting alloys. The preparation of specimens for metallographic technique includes operations such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching of nonferrous metals and alloys. The article contains tables that list the etchants for macroscopic examination and microscopic examination of nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys.

Microscopy is a valuable tool in materials investigations related to problem solving, failure analysis, advanced materials development, and quality control. This article describes the sample preparation techniques of composite materials. These techniques include mounting, rough grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi-fluorescence. The article also provides information on transmitted light microscopy.

Quantitative image analysis has expanded the capabilities of surface analysis significantly with the use of computer technology. This article provides an overview of the quantitative image analysis and optical microscopy. It describes the various steps involved in surface preparation of samples prone to abrasion damage and artifacts for quantitative image analysis.

Optical metallography, one of the most common materials characterization techniques, uses visible light to magnify structural features of interest. This article discusses the use of optical methods to evaluate micro and macrostructure and relate it to process conditions and material behavior. It covers the steps involved in sample preparation, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching, and presents several examples of macro and microanalysis on various metals and alloys.

This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.

This article provides a discussion on the metallographic techniques used for failure analysis, and on fracture examination in materials, with illustrations. It discusses various metallographic specimen preparation techniques, namely, sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and electrolytic polishing. The article also describes the microstructure examination of various materials, with emphasis on failure analysis, and concludes with information on the examination of replicas with light microscopy.

This article presents an approach to characterize the effects of surface treatments to enhance fatigue properties, with particular concern for wear, corrosion, and thermal effects. It discusses the considerations in selecting fabrication or subsequent surface processing procedures to improve fatigue resistance in terms of their respective effects on fatigue performance. The article details the experimental data sets representing specific materials, typical test geometries, and a range of different processing methods used to enhance resistance as compared to results for laboratory tests.

This article illustrates how objective experiments and comparisons can be used to develop surface preparation procedures for metallographic examination of structural features of metals. These procedures are classified as machining, grinding and abrasion, or polishing. The article describes the abrasion artifacts in austenitic steels, zinc, ferritic steels, and pearlitic steels, and other effects of abrasion damages, including flatness of abraded surfaces and embedding of abrasive. Different polishing damages, such as degradation of etching contrast and scratch traces, are reviewed. The article explains the final-polishing processes such as skid polishing, vibratory polishing methods, etch-attack and electromechanical polishing, and polishing with special abrasives. An overview of special polishing techniques for unusual materials such as very hard and very soft materials is provided. The article concludes with a discussion on semiautomatic preparation procedures, providing information on procedures based on the use of diamond abrasives charged in a carrier paste and in a suspension.

Proper sectioning of the surface to be examined is a very important step in preparing steel specimens. The first step in preventing damage to the metallurgical structure is to minimize the amount of sectioning that is done. This article discusses the various metallographic techniques, namely mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching involved in the microstructural analysis of carbon and alloy steels, case hardening steels, cast iron, ferrous powder metallurgy alloys, wrought and cast stainless steels, tool materials, steel castings, iron-chromium-nickel heat-resistant casting alloys and different product forms of steels.

Metallographic examination is one of the most important procedures used by metallurgists in failure analysis. Typically, the light microscope (LM) is used to assess the nature of the material microstructure and its influence on the failure mechanism. Microstructural examination can be performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) over the same magnification range as the LM, but examination with the latter is more efficient. This article describes the major operations in the preparation of metallographic specimens, namely sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The influence of microstructures on the failure of a material is discussed and examples of such work are given to illustrate the value of light microscopy. In addition, information on heat-treatment-related failures, fabrication-/machining-related failures, and service failures is provided, with examples created using light microscopy.

This article describes the microstructure of copper alloys, including copper-zinc (brasses), bronzes, copper-nickel, and copper-nickel-zinc, and examines the effect of oxygen content on alloy phases observed in different product forms. The article also discusses inclusions, etchants, and the effect of composition and processing on grain structure and growth rates.

The two major types of beryllium-containing alloys are copper-berylliums and nickel-berylliums. The most widely used beryllium-containing alloys are wrought copper-berylliums, which provide good strength while retaining useful levels of electrical and thermal conductivity. This article provides information on the specimen preparation procedures, macroexamination, microexamination, and microstructures of beryllium, copper-beryllium alloys, as well as nickel-beryllium alloys. It also discusses health and safety measures associated with the specimen preparation of beryllium and beryllium-containing alloys.