The process of transferring coating materials from the container to the surface to be coated can be accomplished in a number of ways. This article describes seven methods of coating application: brushes, rollers, and daubers; conventional air spray; high-volume low-pressure spray; airless spray; air-assisted airless spray; plural-component spray; and electrostatic spray. Factors to be considered when deciding on an application method include the size and configuration of the surfaces to be coated, the type of coating being applied, environmental regulations/restrictions, the proximity to other operations or personnel, and the recommendations of the coating manufacturer.

Rolling-element bearings, also called rolling bearings and antifriction bearings, tend to have very low friction characteristics compared to plain bearings or simple sliding bearings. This article discusses the types of rolling-element bearings, namely, ball bearings and roller bearings. It provides information on the bearing component materials. The article describes the lubrication requirements and lubrication methods, namely, elastohydrodynamic lubrication and grease lubrication. It reviews the adjustment factors influencing fatigue life of the bearing. The article also provides information on bearing load ratings, standard bearing geometries, rolling bearing friction factors, and wear and its control methods. It concludes with a discussion on damage modes of bearings.

Painting is a generic term for the application of a thin organic coating to the surface of a material for decorative, protective, or functional purposes. This article provides a detailed account of the types and selection factors of paints and the various application methods, including conventional air atomized, airless, and electrostatic spray; roller coating; dip coating; flow coating; curtain coating; tumble coating; electrocoating; and powder coating. Surface preparation methods and prepaint treatments for coating systems are also discussed. The article includes information on quality control procedures, causes of paint film defects, cost calculation, and safety and environmental precautions. The composition and characteristics of organic coatings, coating system selection factors, the types of paints for structural steel, and the applications of paint on structural steel are also reviewed.

Roller burnishing is a method of working a metal surface to improve its finish and dimensional accuracy and can provide some degree of work hardening. This article discusses the workpiece requirements used for roller burnishing. It illustrates the types of roller burnishing tools, such as internal tool, external tool, and tools for the roller burnishing of tapered holes and circular flat surfaces. The article contains a table that lists typical inside and outside diameter speed and feed rates for roller burnishing tools. It exemplifies typical lubrication techniques and the conditions used in the roller burnishing of magnesium alloy castings. The article reviews fillet rolling that is used to improve fatigue resistance of the materials. It concludes with a discussion on the process considerations for three basic types of bearingizing tools for the finishing of bores: bottoming, semi-bottoming, and through-hole.

Horizontal centrifugal casting is used to cast parts having an axis of revolution. This article discusses the operations of three types of horizontal casting machine: the flanged shaft machine, the horizontal roller-type machine, and the double-face plate machine. It provides information on expendable and permanent molds used for centrifugal casting. The parameters and operations of the horizontal centrifugal casting process, including pouring and solidification, as well as the applications are described.

Metal spinning is a term used to describe the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. This article describes two forming techniques, such as manual spinning and power spinning, for forming seamless metal components. The process technology, equipment, and tooling for both manual spinning and power spinning are also discussed.

Rolling-element bearings use rolling elements interposed between two raceways, and relative motion is permitted by the rotation of these elements. This article presents an overview of bearing materials, bearing-load ratings, and an examination of failed bearings. Rolling-element bearings are designed on the principle of rolling contact rather than sliding contact; frictional effects, although low, are not negligible, and lubrication is essential. The article lists the typical characteristics and causes of several types of failures. It describes failure by wear, failure by fretting, failure by corrosion, failure by plastic flow, failure by rolling-contact fatigue, and failure by damage. The article discusses the effects of fabrication practices, heat treatment and hardness of bearing components, and lubrication of rolling-element bearings with a few examples.

This article describes two methods based on rolling of sheet. The first is roll welding, where two or more sheets or plates are stacked together and then passed through rolls until sufficient deformation has occurred to produce solid-state welds. The other is laser roll welding, which is a hybrid process based on a thin-melting interface for a lap joint of dissimilar-metal sheets using a roller and one-sided laser heating. The article discusses the types, advantages, and applications of roll welding and laser roll welding. It also provides a detailed discussion on the laser roll welding of dissimilar metals.

This article reviews high-temperature corrosion of furnace parts used in heat-treating furnaces. It provides a comparison of cast and wrought materials in the context of their general considerations, advantages, and applications. The article provides information on the heat-resistant alloys used for parts that go through the furnaces, including trays, fixtures, conveyor chains and belts, and quenching fixtures and parts, and the parts that remain in the furnace such as combustion tubes, radiant tubes, burners, thermowells, roller and skid rails, baskets, pots, retorts, muffles, and drive and idler drums. The article also reviews the material characteristics of silicon/silicon carbide composite and reaction-bonded silicon carbide as used in radiant tubes.

This article provides information on the nominal compositions of high-carbon bearing steels and carburizing bearing steels. It discusses the bearing fundamentals with emphasis on surface contact, stresses, and fatigue life of bearings. The article describes bearing life prediction using three factors, namely, reliability, material, and application. It analyzes the bearing damage modes and concludes with information on fatigue failure considerations.

This article provides information on the factors influencing the selection of the proper corrosion-resistant coating system. It focuses on the proper execution of surface preparation and the available surface preparation methods. The preparation process includes the removal of visible contaminants, removal of invisible contaminants, and roughening of the surface. Solvent or chemical washing, steam cleaning, hand tool cleaning, power tool cleaning, water blasting, and abrasive blast cleaning, are some preparation methods discussed. The article describes the most common application techniques of coating as well as the equipment used. An overview of some of the most common coating inspection points and inspection equipment is also provided.

This article discusses the composition, properties and applications of bearing steels. It focuses on the typical wear modes that rolling-element bearings experience: contact fatigue wear, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and corrosive wear. The article provides information on reliability factor and ABMA and ISO environmental factors.

This article describes the roll forming of components of nickel, titanium, and aluminum alloys. The metallurgical characteristics of the roll formed components, such as macrostructures, microstructures, tensile strength, and stress rupture performance, are discussed. The article compares the resulting properties of roll formed and conventionally forged components.

This article is dedicated to the fields of mechanical engineering and machine design. It also intends to give a nonexhaustive view of the preventive side of the failure analysis of rolling-element bearings (REBs) and of some of the developments in terms of materials and surface engineering. The article presents the nomenclature, numbering systems, and worldwide market of REBs as well as provides description of REBs as high-tech machine components. It discusses heat treatments, performance, and properties of bearing materials. The processes involved in the examination of failed bearings are also explained. Finally, the article discusses in detail the characteristics and prevention of the various types of failures of REBs: wear, fretting, corrosion, plastic flow, rolling-contact fatigue, and damage. The article includes an Appendix, which lists REB-related abbreviations, association websites, and ISO standards.

Rolling-element bearings, whether ball bearings or roller bearings with spherical, straight, or tapered rollers, are fabricated from a wide variety of steels. This article discusses the production process, characteristics, nominal compositions, and types of bearing steels. These include standard bearing steels, such as high-carbon bearing steels and carburizing bearing steels; and special-purpose bearing steels, such as high-temperature service bearing steels and corrosion-resistant bearing steels.