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rock
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Low-power light microscope view of a “rock candy” fracture in a tensile specimen taken from a cast steel that had aluminum nitrides segregated to the grain boundaries
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Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 6 Computed tomography image of a rock sample with oil and water. The lighter circular areas at the top and right are areas containing water, while the darker regions at the bottom and left are areas with oil. Courtesy of B.G. Isaacson, Bio-Imaging Research, Inc.
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 21 Rocking curve and topographs of a gold single crystal. (a) Rocking curve with (311)⟨123⟩ orientation strained 5% in tension. (b) Topographs taken at angular positions 1 through 5
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 2 Schematic of (a) rocking-die forge and (b) sample patterns of upper die motion
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 19 Intensity profiles (rocking curves). (a) Bent crystal. (b) Crystal composed of misaligned independently reflecting domains. (c) Crystal containing a tilt boundary. Source: Ref 28 , 29
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 24 Rocking curves for individual grains of a polycrystalline sample. Arrays of spots correspond to reflection range of each grain and are obtained by multiple exposures after incremental sample rotations of 3 arc minutes each. (a) Annealed and undeformed type 304 stainless steel. (b) Same
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 27 Illustration of rocking curve profiles for epitaxial films of different thicknesses. (a) Relatively thin film. (b) Relatively thick film. Peak positions and breadths, peak separations, number and spacing of subsidiary peaks, and interpeak intensities yield information useful
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Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 26 Schematic of rocking chair effect. Increasing strength typically improves long-life fatigue strength and degrades low-cycle fatigue resistance.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
...Abstract Abstract This article discusses the composition, processing, and properties of austenitic manganese steel. Austenitic manganese steel is used in equipment for handling and processing earthen materials, such as rock crushers, grinding mills, dredge buckets, power shovel buckets...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, processing, and properties of austenitic manganese steel. Austenitic manganese steel is used in equipment for handling and processing earthen materials, such as rock crushers, grinding mills, dredge buckets, power shovel buckets and teeth, and pumps for handling gravel and rocks. The mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steel vary with both carbon and manganese content. Austenitic manganese steels are most commonly produced in electric arc furnaces using a basic melting practice. Heat treatment strengthens austenitic manganese steel so that it can be used safely and reliably in a wide variety of engineering applications. The approximate ranges of tensile properties produced in constructional alloy steels by heat treatment are developed in austenitic manganese steels by deformation-induced work hardening. Compared to most other abrasion-resistant ferrous alloys, manganese steels are superior in toughness and moderate in cost. Manganese steel is not corrosion resistant; it rusts readily. Many of the common applications of austenitic manganese steel involve welding, either for fabrication or for repair.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003162
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... alloys. Hardfacing applications for wear control vary widely, ranging from very severe abrasive wear service, such as rock crushing and pulverizing to applications to minimize metal-to-metal wear. This article discusses the types of hardfacing alloys, namely iron-base alloys, nonferrous alloys...
Abstract
Hardfacing is defined as the application of a wear-resistant material, in depth, to the vulnerable surfaces of a component by a weld overlay or thermal spray process Hardfacing materials include a wide variety of alloys, carbides, and combinations of these materials. Iron-base hardfacing alloys can be divided into pearlitic steels, austenitic (manganese) steels, martensitic steels, high-alloy irons, and austenitic stainless steel. The types of nonferrous hardfacing alloys include cobalt-base/carbide-type alloys, laves phase alloys, nickel-base/boride-type alloys, and bronze type alloys. Hardfacing applications for wear control vary widely, ranging from very severe abrasive wear service, such as rock crushing and pulverizing to applications to minimize metal-to-metal wear. This article discusses the types of hardfacing alloys, namely iron-base alloys, nonferrous alloys, and tungsten carbides, and their applications and advantages.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
..., rock candy fracture, cleavage fracture, brittle fracture, high-cycle fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, hydrogen-embrittlement failure, creep crack propagation, fatigue crack nucleation, intergranular creep fracture, torsional overload fracture, stress-corrosion cracking, and grain-boundary damage...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of austenitic stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the following: fatigue-crack fracture, rock candy fracture, cleavage fracture, brittle fracture, high-cycle fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, hydrogen-embrittlement failure, creep crack propagation, fatigue crack nucleation, intergranular creep fracture, torsional overload fracture, stress-corrosion cracking, and grain-boundary damage of these steels. The austenitic stainless steel components include spring wires, preheater-reactor slurry transfer lines and gas lines of coal-liquefaction pilot plants, oil feed tubes and suction couch rolls of paper machines, cortical screws and compression hip screws of orthopedic implants, and Jewett nails.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...Abstract Abstract This article describes the corrosion of principal parts of mining equipment such as mine shafts, wire rope, rock bolts, and pump and piping systems. It discusses the diagnosis and prevention of various types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion of principal parts of mining equipment such as mine shafts, wire rope, rock bolts, and pump and piping systems. It discusses the diagnosis and prevention of various types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and intergranular corrosion. The article explains the corrosion in tanks, reactor vessels, cyclic loading machinery, and pressure leaching equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... topography. The article explains various topographic methods, namely, divergent beam method, polycrystal rocking curve analysis, line broadening analysis, microbeam method, and polycrystal scattering topography, as well as their instrumentation. It also describes the applications of x-ray topography...
Abstract
X-ray topography is a technique that comprises topography and x-ray diffraction. This article provides a description of the kinematical theory and the dynamical theory of diffraction. It provides useful information on the configurations of reflection and transmission topography. The article explains various topographic methods, namely, divergent beam method, polycrystal rocking curve analysis, line broadening analysis, microbeam method, and polycrystal scattering topography, as well as their instrumentation. It also describes the applications of x-ray topography.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... rock crusher wear, electronic circuit board drill wear, grinding plate wear failure analysis, impact wear of disk cutters, and identification of abrasive wear modes in martensitic steels. abrasive wear failures abrasive wear mechanisms adhesive wear erosive-type wear wear failure analysis...
Abstract
Wear, a form of surface deterioration, is a factor in a majority of component failures. This article is primarily concerned with abrasive wear mechanisms such as plastic deformation, cutting, and fragmentation which, at their core, stem from a difference in hardness between contacting surfaces. Adhesive wear, the type of wear that occurs between two mutually soluble materials, is also discussed, as is erosive wear, liquid impingement, and cavitation wear. The article also presents a procedure for failure analysis and provides a number of detailed examples, including jaw-type rock crusher wear, electronic circuit board drill wear, grinding plate wear failure analysis, impact wear of disk cutters, and identification of abrasive wear modes in martensitic steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... techniques in detail. It illustrates a 75-mm Hopkinson system, particularly designed to test large samples of concrete, rock, polymeric composites, and other materials with relatively coarse microstructures. The article also provides information on the pneumatic pressure vessel for a 75-mm Hopkinson bar test...
Abstract
Triaxial Hopkinson techniques can be used to simultaneously subject a sample to axial and lateral compressions. The lateral compression may be applied through a pneumatic pressure vessel or dynamically using a special Hopkinson technique. This article reviews these two techniques in detail. It illustrates a 75-mm Hopkinson system, particularly designed to test large samples of concrete, rock, polymeric composites, and other materials with relatively coarse microstructures. The article also provides information on the pneumatic pressure vessel for a 75-mm Hopkinson bar test system and the dynamic triaxial load cell on a 19-mm Hopkinson bar.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 3 Examples of die motion in rotary forging. (a) Upper die has both translational and rotational motion, while lower die rotates. (b) Upper die has translational, rotational, and orbital (rocking) motion; lower die is stationary. (c) Upper die has orbital (rocking) motion only; lower die has
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Image
in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
fabrication data, shown in Fig. 33 . The axle was manufactured by Standard Forged Products, McKees Rocks Forgings of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, in June 1990
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003990
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... the forge, making it difficult to maintain a consistently high level of precision. Rotary forges can be broadly classified into two groups, depending on the motion of their dies. In rotating-die forges, both dies rotate about their own axis, but neither die rocks or precesses about the axis of the other...
Abstract
Radial forging is a hot- or cold-forming process that uses two or more radially moving anvils or dies to produce solid or tubular components with constant or varying cross sections along their lengths. This article focuses on the workpiece configuration, workpiece materials, machines, dies, advantages, and limitations of radial forging. It concludes with a discussion on the applications of radial forging.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 SEM images of intergranular fracture with different grain morphologies. (a) Rock candy appearance from atmospheric stress-corrosion cracking of a high-strength aluminum alloy with equiaxed grains. 130×. (b) Intergranular fracture along the part line of an aluminum forging
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 5 Comparison of γ-ray spectrums. Upper spectrum shows a neutron-irradiated rock sample that contains 3 ppb iridium (26 days decay). Lower spectrum shows the chemically isolated iridium fraction (pure 74.2-d 192 Ir).
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