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risk-based inspection
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article describes the basis of operating stress maps based on failure assessment diagrams, which are used to assess potential fracture in the whole range of conditions from brittle to fully plastic behavior. It discusses the factors influencing the process of constructing...
Abstract
This article describes the basis of operating stress maps based on failure assessment diagrams, which are used to assess potential fracture in the whole range of conditions from brittle to fully plastic behavior. It discusses the factors influencing the process of constructing an operating stress map based on the principles used in constructing a residual strength diagram. These include plane strain fracture toughness, net section yield, and empiricism. The article details the fatigue crack growth behavior based on stress-corrosion cracking rates and corrosion fatigue factor. It summarizes the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) concepts for explaining the application of LEFM in damage tolerance analysis. The article exemplifies operating stress maps in a variety of applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... visual inspection, and non-invasive inspection. Inspection execution, risk-based inspection, competence assurance of inspection personnel, inspection coverage, inspection periodicity, inspection anomaly criteria, assessment of fitness, and reporting requirements, are also discussed. The article addresses...
Abstract
This article focuses on the aspects associated with inspection related to pressure vessels and pipework. These aspects include inspection policy, inspection planning and procedures, inspection strategy, inspection methodology, preparation for inspection, invasive inspection, internal visual inspection, and non-invasive inspection. Inspection execution, risk-based inspection, competence assurance of inspection personnel, inspection coverage, inspection periodicity, inspection anomaly criteria, assessment of fitness, and reporting requirements, are also discussed. The article addresses the data acquisition, reporting and trending, and review and audit for the inspection. It reviews inspection techniques, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and radiographic inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... temperature ranges. The use of risk-based inspection (RBI) assessment conducted in accordance with API RP 580 ( Ref 16 ) provides a methodology for prioritizing CUI-related maintenance and inspection activities. The intent of using RBI is to manage the probability of failure in piping and vessels while...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... to coated as well as bare pipe; however, all inspection methods do not apply to both coated and bare pipe and may require different interpretation based upon the particular application. Step 1: Preassessment (Assessment of Risk and Threats) The preassessment action step consists of the collection...
Abstract
External corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) is a structured process intended for use by pipeline operators to assess and manage the impact of external corrosion on the integrity of underground pipelines. This article focuses on four steps of ECDA, namely, preassessment, indirect examinations, direct examination, and post assessment. The ECDA tool selection matrix used to determine the tool choices is also presented.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...' Meeting on Life Management Techniques for Ageing Air Vehicles ( Manchester, U.K. ), NATO , Oct 2001 31. Boyd-Lee A.D. , Painter D. , and Harrison G.F. , “Life Extension Methodologies and Risk-Based Inspection in the Management of Fracture Critical Aeroengine Components,” RTO...
Abstract
Aging is a process where the structural and/or functional integrity of components will be continuously degraded by exposure to the environmental conditions under which they are operated. This article discusses aging mechanisms in various components of military systems such as structural parts, engines, and subsystems. It describes the aging management processes such as full-scale structural testing and practical life-enhancement methods. The article reviews control and prevention systems such as usage and health monitoring systems necessary to provide effective corrosion maintenance on military systems. Failure prediction techniques, namely, the equivalent pre-crack size approach, life-cycle cost modeling and simulation, and holistic life-prediction methodology are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006832
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
.... The plaintiff in such a case alleges that the product is defective and presented an unreasonable risk of harm when being used as intended. Depending on the issues, all parties in the chain of commerce of a product, including the manufacturer of raw materials, component manufacturer, assembling manufacturer...
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to assist the reader in understanding the role that an engineering expert witness plays in evaluating incidents related to product liability, so that he or she may become better acquainted with the role that an engineer plays in such litigation. The topics covered are admissibility of expert opinions, how to evaluate data, factual evidence, mandatory and voluntary standards, physical evidence, medical records, scientific literature, design decisions evaluation, environment of use, user's contribution, reports of opposing experts, report of findings, and deposition and trial testimonies.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... based on success in detection and flaw depth sizing tests. This approach essentially shifted the responsibility of reliable procedure development from the ASME code to the NDE engineers. Within the context of risk-informed, in-service inspection, it can be argued that the level of performance that must...
Abstract
This article provides information on life assessment strategies and conceptually illustrates the interplay of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and fracture mechanics in the damage tolerant approach. It presents information on probability of detection (POD) and probability of false alarm (PFA). The article describes the damage tolerance approach to life management of cyclic-limited engine components and lists the commonly used nondestructive evaluation methods. It concludes with an illustration on the role of NDE, as quantified by POD, in fully probabilistic life management.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0007022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... the scope of the inspection, types of real-time monitoring, control techniques, and inspection methods used based on the risk of the active damage mechanism ( Ref 15 ). Some of the AM-specific attributes that must be considered in the context of qualification for metal AM processes include...
Abstract
The qualification of additive manufacturing (AM) processes and the certification of AM parts is recognized as a significant impediment to the rapid, low-cost deployment of AM manufacturing. The challenges are multifaceted; however, it is an attempt to apply conventional qualification approaches to an inherently different process that has caused the most difficulty. This article examines the conventional qualification methodology and explores how the unique characteristics of AM pose a set of qualification challenges. The extant approach to the qualification of AM processes is described, followed by a discussion on a possible future state.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0007023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... to the effect of the defect on properties and performance and whether it can be detected with appropriate volumetric and surface-sensitive NDT methods. Parts with inaccessible regions that prevent or impede interrogation with NDT are distinctive of high-risk regions due to limited inspection, denoting them...
Abstract
This article covers defect formation and classification, followed by a brief description of the most common nondestructive testing (NDT) methods used for postbuild inspection. Descriptions of the established and emerging NDT techniques for in-process monitoring (IPM) and in-process inspection (IPI) in additive manufacturing (AM) also are provided, highlighting the advantages and limitations. The article concludes with a list of the main NDT methods and techniques used. As qualification and certification of AM parts is an urgent matter for the AM industry, a description of the current work carried out for developing standards is also included.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... superimpose on vibrational stresses (which are otherwise fully reversing), creating a significantly higher peak stress level compared with vibrational stresses alone. The risk of large, superimposed stresses should be mitigated during design of the inspection procedure by identifying locations that would...
Abstract
Vibrothermography, also known as sonic thermography, sonic infrared (IR), thermosonics, and vibroacoustic thermography, is a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique for finding cracks and delaminations through vibration-induced heating. This article describes the four parts of the vibrothermography process: vibration of the specimen by a transducer; conversion of vibrational energy into heat by a crack, delamination, and other contacting surfaces; conduction of the heat to an external surface; and infrared detection of the heat with a thermal camera.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... plotted as detection capability in terms of percentage of detection as a function of defect size. This curve can be used as one of multiple inputs to calculate risk of failure or other related safety factors when NDE-based inspections are used as a component of risk management. It is important to note...
Abstract
Probability of detection (POD) assesses the performance of a non-destructive evaluation (NDE)-based inspection, which is a method used to determine the capability of an inspection as a function of defect type and defect size. This article provides an overview of the concept of POD, why it is needed, the history behind the development of POD, how POD assessments are performed, and how modeling and simulation can be integrated into the execution of a POD assessment. It describes the methods by which POD is determined. This includes detail on the experimental process to acquire the needed data, the mathematical methods to obtain a POD curve, and techniques to assess uncertainty in the POD curve as it is obtained from a limited data set. The concept of model-assisted POD (MAPOD) is introduced, with additional details and representative examples of MAPOD.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... based on the measured metal temperature at the time of hydrotesting. Method B is a proof-test approach. This method is not practical or feasible for many instances, and substantial risk may exist for fracture during the hydrotest. Method C: Successful past operation is used to justify future...
Abstract
A detailed fracture mechanics evaluation is the most accurate and reliable prediction of process equipment susceptibility to brittle fracture. This article provides an overview and discussion on brittle fracture. The discussion covers the reasons to evaluate brittle fracture, provides a brief summary of historical failures that were found to be a result of brittle fracture, and describes key components that drive susceptibility to a brittle fracture failure, namely stress, material toughness, and cracklike defect. It also presents industry codes and standards that assess susceptibility to brittle fracture. Additionally, a series of case study examples are presented that demonstrate assessment procedures used to mitigate the risk of brittle fracture in process equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006462
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... the sensitivity level of the inspection method as well as the rejectable flaw size. An example of a specification requirement is given in Table 1 ; the specification is based on longitudinal wave inspection using flat-bottom holes (FBH). It defines the ultrasonic inspection requirements for product over 13...
Abstract
Both nondestructive testing (NDT) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) use noninvasive measurement techniques to gain information about defects and various properties of materials, components, and structures. This article begins with a discussion on the historical development of quantitative measurement techniques, evaluation reliability, and quantitative interpretation of nondestructive inspection methods. The common nondestructive evaluation methods, along with their uses and limitations, are summarized in a table. The article conceptually illustrates the interplay of NDE and fracture mechanics in the damage tolerant approach. It concludes with information on pressure vessel applications that can be separated into three protocols used by military nuclear power, commercial nuclear power, and non-nuclear pressure vessels and/or fired boilers.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.9781627081849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Of ce of Management and RMU noise resistance URL thermogravimetric analysis Pa rpm polarization resistance transgranular stress-corrosion Pa Budget (U.S.) s radiation absorbed dose U.S. PASS Occupational Safety and Health s risk-based inspection USAF cracking S reference electrode; residual USD time...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006989
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
...-term progress is being made in certain areas, with the pathway toward more efficient qualification and certification approaches being highlighted in Fig. 14 . Current methods are costly and time- and resource-intensive; therefore, to achieve the full potential of AM, methods using risk-based...
Abstract
The aviation industry has been driving the use of additive manufacturing (AM), moving from one-off demonstrator or pathfinder components toward higher-volume serial production applications. This article presents an introduction to AM in aviation, explaining how aviation requirements apply to AM. It also presents advancements, standards, and future expectations of aviation.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., or damage tolerance methods which arrive at a reasonable inspection interval to ensure component safety. This latter method is based upon the growth rate of cracks assumed to exist in the component as a result of fatigue, accidental damage, or material and manufacturing defects. The effect of corrosion...
Abstract
This article describes two analysis methods that are used to determine the life of aircrafts: fatigue life and fracture mechanics methods. The life limiting factors that control the durability of the aircraft are also discussed. The article provides an overview of the various approaches to corrosion identification and prevention. These include safe-life, fail-safe, and damage tolerance approaches. The article discusses their application to the process of extending the life of aircraft structural components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002440
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... information on the legal bases for products liability and definitions for two types of defects: manufacturing defects and design defects. It summarizes other possible defects in design as well as preventive measures. design defects manufacturing defects product design product liability PRODUCTS...
Abstract
Products liability is a legal term for the action whereby an injured party (plaintiff) seeks to recover damages for personal injury or property loss from a producer and/or seller when the plaintiff alleges that a defective product caused the injury or loss. This article provides information on the legal bases for products liability and definitions for two types of defects: manufacturing defects and design defects. It summarizes other possible defects in design as well as preventive measures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Implementation Age and Repeat Inspection Interval The basic tasks are to be accomplished at the implementation age ( I ) and each repeat interval ( R ). Values of I and R vary with the structure location, the airplane model, and are based on previous service history. For example, all 747 fuselage bilge...
Abstract
This article describes the commonly observed forms of airplane corrosion, namely: general corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, pitting corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, galvanic corrosion, filiform corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and fretting. It discusses the factors influencing airplane corrosion from the manufacturing perspective: design, manufacturing, and service-related factors. The article explains the collection of corrosion data and provides an overview of the implementation and evolution of airline corrosion prevention and control programs and directions being considered in the design for corrosion prevention of airplanes.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003505
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article discusses the three legal theories on which a products liability lawsuit is based and the issues of hazard, risk, and danger in the context of liability. It describes manufacturing and design defects of various products. The article explains a design that is analyzed from...
Abstract
This article discusses the three legal theories on which a products liability lawsuit is based and the issues of hazard, risk, and danger in the context of liability. It describes manufacturing and design defects of various products. The article explains a design that is analyzed from the human factors viewpoint and details the preventive measures of the defects, with examples. It presents four paramount questions relating to the probability of injury which are asked even when one executes all possible preventive measures carefully and thoroughly.
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