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risering system
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Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 1 Patterns for a sand casting and its gating and risering systems, for four different methods of mold production
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... shrinkage. This article describes the imperfections in the solidification process including porosity, inclusions, oxide films, secondary phases, hot tears, and metal penetration. It talks about the purpose of the gating system and the risering system in the casting process. alloys casting gating...
Abstract
Solidification is a comprehensive process of transformation of the melt of metals and alloys into a solid piece, involving formation of dendrites, segregation which involves change in composition, zone formation in final structure of the casting, and microporosity formation during shrinkage. This article describes the imperfections in the solidification process including porosity, inclusions, oxide films, secondary phases, hot tears, and metal penetration. It talks about the purpose of the gating system and the risering system in the casting process.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract In the handling of molten aluminum, it is fairly common to use filters as a part of the melting unit and in the gating and/or riser system. This article describes the methods of in-furnace and in-mold filtration, with an emphasis on the filtration of molten aluminum. It discusses...
Abstract
In the handling of molten aluminum, it is fairly common to use filters as a part of the melting unit and in the gating and/or riser system. This article describes the methods of in-furnace and in-mold filtration, with an emphasis on the filtration of molten aluminum. It discusses the factors that influence the formation of inclusions. The article describes the three basic methods of mechanically removing or separating inclusions from molten metal. The methods include sedimentation, flotation, and positive filtration. The article provides a discussion on the types of molten-metal filters, including bonded-particle filters, cartridge filters, and ceramic foam filters. It lists the factors that are important in achieving optimum performance of any in-furnace filtering application. The article concludes with information on filtered metal quality and the methods of evaluation.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of feeding systems used in riser design: riser sleeves, topping compounds, and breaker cores. metal contamination riser design feed metal volume riser location liquid feed metal duration riser sleeves topping compounds breaker cores riser size riser necks RISER DESIGN, or risering, deals...
Abstract
The role of an engineer in designing risers is to make sure that risers provide the feed metal in the right amount, at the right place, and at the right time. This article addresses feed metal volume, riser location, and duration of liquid feed metal. It discusses the three types of feeding systems used in riser design: riser sleeves, topping compounds, and breaker cores.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 16 A system for calculating riser dimensions. M s , volume/effective cooling surface of largest section of castings; M n , circumference of riser neck/cross section area of riser neck. Modulus of riser = 1.2 M n . Source: Ref 24
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Image
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 8 A system for calculating riser neck connections. M s , volume/effective cooling surface of the largest section of the casting. M n , circumference of riser neck/cross section area of riser neck. Modulus of riser = 1.2 M n . Source: Ref 7
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... required a core to form the ingate area and prevent mold wash. Producing this core and setting it in the mold entailed additional cost. The lower yield of the two-riser system, plus the cost of the core, made it distinctly advantageous to add the padding and feed the central hub from the riser that fed...
Abstract
This article addresses the problems of designing isolated heavy sections that are functionally essential. It describes the two most efficient solutions to these problems over which the designer has control: providing flow and feed paths and reducing the mass of the isolated sections. The article concludes with a discussion on designs that reduce the mass of a remote section.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract Foundry practices critical to the production of cast irons include melting, alloying, molten metal treatment, pouring, and the design of feeding systems (gating and risering) to allow proper filling of the casting mold. This article reviews these production stages of iron foundry...
Abstract
Foundry practices critical to the production of cast irons include melting, alloying, molten metal treatment, pouring, and the design of feeding systems (gating and risering) to allow proper filling of the casting mold. This article reviews these production stages of iron foundry casting, with particular emphasis on the melting practices, molten metal treatment, and feeding of molten metal into sand molds. It discusses the castability factors, such as fluidity, shrinkage, and resistance, of gray iron. Typical cupola charge compositions and the final analyses for class 30 and class 40 gray iron castings are presented in a table. The article describes the induction melting and arc furnace melting used in gray iron foundries. It also reviews the inoculation methods such as stream inoculation and mold inoculation, of gray iron.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... pouring offers advantages in less pouring turbulence, more consistent filling speeds, less reliance on operator skills, and it facilitates full automation. Also, gating systems can be minimized in many applications; that is pouring gates can also serve as feed risers, and many castings can be poured...
Abstract
This article provides information on metals that can be cast in permanent molds. It describes the advantages, disadvantages, applications, and design of permanent castings. Following a discussion on the factors considered in mold design and material selection, the article details the application of mold coatings and examines the effects of major processing variables on mold life. The variables that determine mold temperature and measures for controlling it are reviewed, and the effects of short-term and long-term variables on the dimensional accuracy of permanent mold castings are explained. The article concludes with a discussion on the factors influencing the surface finish on permanent mold castings.
Image
in Aluminum Foundry Products
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 12 Effect of gating system on formation of shrinkage cavities. Solidification starts at the chill and progresses toward the riser. In (a), molten metal can easily feed from the riser into the entire length of the casting. In (b), the narrow portion of the casting can freeze shut before
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 22 Schematic showing the application of feeding systems for (a) a closed-top riser and (b) an open-top riser
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... factors that influence the selection of a casting method. It discusses the production of copper alloy castings. The article concludes with information on the gating and feeding systems used in production of copper alloy castings. casting copper alloys crucible furnaces degassing deoxidation gas...
Abstract
This article describes the casting characteristics and practices of copper and copper alloys. It discusses the melting and melt control of copper alloys, including various melt treatments to improve melt quality. These treatments include fluxing and metal refining, degassing, deoxidation, grain refining, and filtration. The article provides a discussion on these melt treatments for group I to III alloys. It describes the three categories of furnaces for melting copper casting alloys: crucible furnaces, open-flame furnaces, and induction furnaces. The article explains the important factors that influence the selection of a casting method. It discusses the production of copper alloy castings. The article concludes with information on the gating and feeding systems used in production of copper alloy castings.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003472
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... fluidity and part integrity. Good casting techniques direct oxides into the gate and riser system. Therefore, a more conservative approach would be to process gating separately with the fluxing procedure outlined below. Extra cleaning is required as the level of SiC in the alloy increases, since even low...
Abstract
This article focuses on the techniques used in recycling of aluminum metal matrix composites (MMCs) such as discontinuous SiC reinforced aluminum MMCs and continuous reinforced aluminum MMCs. It provides a discussion on the properties of recycled aluminum MMCs and disposal of aluminum MMCs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... in the finished casting before gating and risers are placed. This will help to refine the casting design and identify potential hot spots for riser placement. Gating The primary function of a gating system is to introduce clean, dross-free metal from the pouring ladle to the mold cavity and to do so...
Abstract
Sand casting processes are typically classified according to the type of binder present in the molding sand mixture. This article discusses common sand casting processes and design considerations related to shape, gating, feeding, and pattern making methods. It describes the composition of sand and binder normally used, and provides information on the aluminum casting alloys produced. The article discusses precision sand casting and sand reclamation, and includes information on health and safety considerations.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... stage is to design the rigging system for the casting, which includes the design of the gate, risers, downsprue, and so forth. This has been based on the rules of thumb of foundry experts and empirical charts. Once the rigging design is established, the solidification behavior can be evaluated. Here...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... ability to visualize complex three-dimensional geometry and to analyze stress levels and deflections of complex three-dimensional shapes. Rigging System Design The rigging system includes the system of sprues, runners, gates, risers, and chills that channel and control the flow of liquid metal...
Abstract
This article discusses issues that impact a good casting design. The focus is on the casting design in general, and on sand and permanent mold aluminum casting in particular. The article examines the casting design process from a variety of design and processing perspectives. It summarizes several strategies for improving the traditional casting design process. The article also proposes some possible approaches for implementing these strategies. It presents a vision for the development of comprehensive casting design guidelines along with specific development objectives.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... that will occur during casting and heat treatment and can be used to minimize residual stresses. Some commercial packages include expert systems to help orient the casting in the mold to minimize casting defects and to suggest gating and risering schemes. Finite element and finite difference models represent...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 23 Heat loss from a riser as a function of time for the major classifications of feeding systems, with sand included as the basis for comparison
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... this principle, the gear blank casting shown in Fig. 7 is provided with a large riser over the central hub and six smaller risers spaced equally around the rim of the gear to ensure adequate feeding. Metal enters the mold at the two gates, which are 180° apart. Fig. 7 Gating and feeding system used...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloy castings are widely used in corrosive-media and high-temperature applications. This article begins with a discussion on the compositions of corrosion-resistant nickel-base casting alloys and heat-resistant nickel-base casting alloys. It describes the effects of aluminum and titanium on the structure and properties of nickel-base alloys. The article provides information on the melting, foundry, and pouring practices for nickel-base alloys. It explains the welding and heat treatment of the nickel-base casting alloys. The article concludes with an overview of the numerous applications of cast heat-resistant nickel-base alloys.
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