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in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Testing
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 13 Oxygen-concentration profiles around a colony of respiring aerobic organisms in an oxygenated environment. Continuous lines are isolines of equal oxygen concentration, while arrows indicate the direction of oxygen fluxes, always perpendicular to the active surface.
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 5 Respirable dust in the work area of a plant for manufacturing PM parts Source: Ref 1
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Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005717
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... handling hazards health and safety particulate personal protective equipment radiation respirators spray booth thermal spray coating ventilation HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES pertain to any industrial technology, of course, but many, including thermal spray, have issues that are unique...
Abstract
The hazards associated with thermal spray deposition processes include ultraviolet and infrared radiation; acoustical noise; and by-product production in the forms of nitrous oxides, ozone, fumes, and dust. The most important consideration in health and safety is to use the engineered controls of hazards. This article provides a brief description of the spray booth, the most commonly used engineering tool to separate the operator from the thermal spray process and confine the associated hazards. It also presents guidelines on the proper and safe handling of industrial gases and ventilation and heat exhaust. The article provides information on the personal protective equipment for eyes and skin from radiation, and ears from noise. It also discusses other potential safety hazards associated with thermal spraying, namely, magnetic fields and infrasound.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005756
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... for selecting, using, and maintaining PPE. It presents an overview of eye, face, head, hand, foot, hearing, fall, and respiratory protection. Respiratory and hearing protection should be used in conjunction with industrial hygiene monitoring. air-purifying respirators air-supplied respirators cleaning...
Abstract
This article provides information on personal protective equipment (PPE), consistent with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Personal Protective Equipment Standard (29 CFR 1910.132-138). This standard is intended to protect individuals from the risk of injury by creating a barrier against workplace hazards. This article provides guidelines for establishing PPE programs with an overview of the responsibilities for employers, supervisors, and employees, assessing hazards associated with thermal spray operations, and training workers about PPE, as well as guidelines for selecting, using, and maintaining PPE. It presents an overview of eye, face, head, hand, foot, hearing, fall, and respiratory protection. Respiratory and hearing protection should be used in conjunction with industrial hygiene monitoring.
Book Chapter
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... systems to vent rooms in case of gas leaks, etc. Warning lights and audible sounds (sirens) Lockout/tagout stations Required use of respirators and other personal protection equipment Use of gas leak detectors and oxygen sensors Properly designed sound-attenuation spray booths Properly...
Abstract
Risk assessments (RAs) must be customized to the specific workplaces and to the actual work being performed. It is performed to make the workers and their management aware of the hazards in the work environment, identify each risk in a methodical manner, and put in place a plan to mitigate the hazards. Information on risk assessment presented in this article provides a logical approach that can be taken to minimize risk and maximize thermal spray practitioners' safety. There are basically four steps to improving operational safety by using RAs: identifying the risks for each activity, rating the risk, putting in place the actions required to minimize risk, and reviewing and updating the RAs on a regular basis. The article presents two case studies to illustrate the concepts involved in RAs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of lung cancer is also elevated when arsenic is inhaled. Silica Inhalation of respirable dusts (dust particles less than 10 μm in diameter) composed of crystalline silica can cause silicosis. Silicosis is inflammation and scarring in the lungs. Symptoms of silicosis (particularly the acute form...
Abstract
This article discusses the occupational health hazards related to industrial protective coating application and removal. It explains the health hazards associated with coating constituents such as lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, silica, and asbestos. The article also discusses hazard evaluation, hazard controls, Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards, and industry consensus standards. It concludes with a description of containment systems to prevent environmental exposures from industrial paint removal projects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006960
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... dust concentrations may form in the air. Use a respirator. Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool, and well-ventilated place. Hazards High temperature Postprocessing solvents Emissions Avoid contact with high-temperature components. Wear proper PPE. If dust...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the concepts of environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) risk incidents, then discusses these concepts relative to additive manufacturing (AM): the multiple intrants, process parameters, and equipment, as well as the resulting products and wastes. The article discusses additive manufacturing hazards, which are broken down into material hazards, equipment/process hazards, and facility hazards. The environmental impact of AM and the development of EH&S standards for AM also are covered in the article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003647
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... environments. Sulfate- reducing bacteria use sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor during respiration and produce hydrogen sulfide. When the aerobic respiration rate within a biofilm is greater than the oxygen diffusion rate, the metal/biofilm interface can become anaerobic and provide a niche for SRB...
Abstract
Corrosion resulting from the presence and activities of microbes on metals and metal alloys is generally referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). This article describes the biofilm formation and structure and microbial processes influencing corrosion. It also discusses the electrochemical techniques used to study and monitor MIC and presents examples of their applications to MIC.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... respirators or any of the new series of respirators approved by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) can be used for protection against metal fumes as long as the proper respirator type (e.g., half-mask, full-face, or powered air respiratory protection) is selected based...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the rules, regulations, and techniques implemented to minimize the safety hazards associated with welding, cutting, and allied processes. Safety management, protection of the work area, process-specific safety considerations, and robotic and electrical safety are discussed. The article explains the use of personal protective equipment and provides information on protection against fumes, gases, and electromagnetic radiation. It concludes with a discussion on safe handling of compressed gases as well as the prevention and protection of fire and explosion.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of diminishing levels of oxygen Oxygen in air, % Physiological effects and symptoms 15–19 Decreased ability to work; may impair coordination and induce early symptoms in persons with coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems 12–14 Respiration deeper, increased pulse rate, giddiness, impaired...
Abstract
This article discusses the requirements for safe design, installation, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of sintering atmosphere generators and atmosphere supply systems for both personal and environment safety. The four intrinsic dangers associated with producing and using common sintering atmosphere gases are explosion, fire, toxicity, and asphyxiation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of respirable beryllium powder or dust are inhaled. Sensitive individuals exposed to airborne beryllium may develop the lung disease berylliosis. Users should comply with occupational safety and health standards applicable to beryllium in Title 29, Part 1910, Code of Federal Regulations. Selected References...
Abstract
Beryllium possesses an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties, suiting it for specialized applications where its relatively high cost can be justified. It has very low density, a moderately high melting point, high elastic modulus, and good electrical and thermal conductivity. The article describes structural, instrument, and optical grade beryllium and the corresponding compositional ranges. It also discusses processing and product forms as well as factors affecting corrosion resistance. The article concludes with a short note on health and safety considerations when handling beryllium.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001326
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... on the odor of the wipe solvent cleaner. This odor should be mild and not objectionable to personnel engaged in the cleaning operations. Methods of minimizing odor include an increase in ventilation and the use of respirators. Dry Residue The wipe solvent cleaner must evaporate without leaving residue...
Abstract
Wipe solvents are used to remove contaminants from a workpiece before it undergoes manufacturing operations that require clean surfaces, such as bonding, sealing, painting, welding, plating, specialized surface treatment procedures, and others. This article describes the evaluation parameters for wipe solvent cleaners, including methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethylene, acetone, toluene, dichloromethane, benzene, xylene, and other alternate wipe solvent cleaners. It contains a table that lists the compositions and properties of wipe solvent cleaners.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... that require oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration are referred to as aerobes. Anaerobes grow in the absence of oxygen and can use a variety of terminal electron acceptors, including sulfate, nitrate, Fe +3 , Mn +4 , and others. Organisms that can use oxygen in addition to alternate electron...
Abstract
This article focuses on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of military assets. It discusses the mechanisms of MIC in hydrocarbon fuels and atmospheric, immersion, and buried environments with specific examples. The article describes the behavior of metals and alloys, namely, copper alloy, nickel alloy, titanium and titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, stainless steels, and carbon steel in immersion environments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... be controlled by ventilation. Adequate ventilation is the key to control of fumes and gases in the welding environment. Natural, mechanical, or respirator ventilation must be provided for all welding, cutting, brazing, and related operations. The ventilation must ensure that concentrations of hazardous...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
...., respirators, clothing, and chemical-resistant gloves, as stated in supplier SDS). Medical personnel should be immediately contacted if an individual suspects overexposure. Monitoring of the work environment should be performed to determine the airborne levels of isocyanate and to ensure...
Abstract
Polyaspartic coating technology has found utility in a variety of coating applications, including corrosion protection and flooring topcoats, as these coatings are based on aliphatic polyisocyanates and aliphatic diamines. This article describes the chemistry of polyaspartic esters and curing characteristics and performance properties of polyaspartic coatings. It also provides information on curing corrosion protection coating systems, polyaspartic floor coatings, and safe-use recommendations for handling isocyanates.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... the following: Personnel who will be handling isocyanate-containing materials must be trained in the proper safe use and handling procedures. Appropriate engineering controls must be in place (e.g., local exhaust ventilation). Required PPE must be worn (e.g., respirators, clothing, and chemical...
Abstract
Polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of repeating organic units joined by urethane linkages. Polyurethane polymers are formed through step-growth polymerization by making a monomer containing at least two isocyanate functional groups to react with another monomer containing at least two hydroxyl (alcohol) groups. This article provides a detailed account of the protective coatings used in the building, infrastructure, and architectural markets. It focuses on the various types of polyurethane coatings used in these applications: moisture-cure and two-pack aromatic coatings as primers and topcoats, moisture-cure aromatic elastomeric high-build coatings, moisture-cure aliphatic topcoats, two-pack aliphatic polyurethane coatings as topcoats, and one- and two-pack polyurethane dispersion coatings as sealers and topcoats. It also includes a section on the health effects of isocyanates.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001322
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... The following sections of this article provide additional details about regulations in the United States and Europe. Cadmium Worker Health Effects and Laws OSHA has evaluated the health effects of cadmium on workers and has determined that exposure to respirable particles/fumes represents the most...
Abstract
Environmental and worker health regulations have increased the costs associated with cadmium coating application and cadmium-beating waste disposal, thus creating economic incentives for industrial users to seek cadmium plating replacements. This article presents a cadmium replacement identification matrix that includes information on the specifications, corrosion control performance, environment-assisted cracking, coating lubricity, environmental and worker health regulations, and cost and performance factors for various replacement processes.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... at the cutting tool. For operations requiring the polishing of surfaces with emery cloth or a coated nylon abrasive pad (scotch brite), special care must be taken. This is because of the proximity of the machinist to the work and the fine dust produced. In these situations, a respirator should be worn at all...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties of beryllium metals that require special attention when machining. It provides information on the considerations of S65 and selects 65 beryllium materials that are used for conducting tool wear studies and surface damage studies. The article highlights some of the precautions to be followed while machining beryllium metals. Information on the cutting oils, cutting tools, and speeds and feeds used in turning the beryllium are also provided. The article describes the chemical milling and photochemical machining methods that are used for etching beryllium components.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003050
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... and glass industries. For instance, silica has been classified as a possible carcinogen. For respirable silica dust (≤0.10 μm), OSHA has set the permissible exposure limits as follows: Substance Exposure limit, mg/m 3 Quartz 0.1 Cristobalite 0.05 Tridymite 0.05 Tripoli 0.1...
Abstract
Ceramic and glass manufacturers take environmental regulations into consideration during all stages of the product cycle, from research and development to purchasing, processing, end use, and disposal. Ceramic and glass products are finding application in the construction industry and as raw materials for other processes. This article describes the recycling of in-process scrap and industrial wastes (fly ash, red mud, metallurgical waste, and other waste products), and applications of these recycled products. It focuses on environmental regulations such as Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act requires all states to meet minimum emissions standards for nitrogen-oxygen compounds, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... respirator should be easily accessible in case of airborne contamination. Protective clothing consisting of coveralls and shoe coverings must be worn in place of street clothes. Upon leaving the uranium working area, personnel should wash hands and faces before eating, drinking, or smoking, and anyone...
Abstract
This article focuses on the basic metallurgy and machining parameters of classes of depleted and enriched uranium alloys. It provides information on the health precautions applicable to the machining of depleted uranium alloys. The article also discusses tool wear and the types of tools used in uranium alloy machining.
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