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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering property data in tabulated form for ceramics and glasses. Data are provided for physical and mechanical properties of ceramic materials and color of ceramics fired under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The article also lists...
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 1 Corrosion behavior of alloys from five nickel alloy groups compared to that of 316L stainless steel (SS). (a) In boiling 10% sulfuric acid, reducing conditions. (b) In 10% boiling nitric acid, oxidizing conditions. Source: Data from Ref 3 More
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 4 Protective and nonprotective scales formed on alloy 800. (a) Cr 2 O 3 -base protective oxide scale formed in sulfur-free oxidizing gas. (b) Sulfide-oxide scale formed in reducing conditions containing hydrogen sulfide. Courtesy of I.G. Wright, Battelle Columbus Division More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003619
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... that the alloy experiences, and it is controlled by the cathodic reaction in the system. Thus, a reducing condition is generally controlled by the discharge of hydrogen from a reducing acid, such as hydrochloric acid. An oxidizing environment has a potential that is higher than the potential for hydrogen...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of oxygen permit determination of the minimum ratios necessary to maintain reducing conditions at a given temperature and at a total gas pressure of 1 atm. Fig. 1 Standard free energy of formation of metal oxides. To convert kcal to kJ, multiply kcal by 4.184. Source: Ref 1 In practice...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., where titanium does not become passivated. Under reducing conditions, it has a galvanic potential similar to that of aluminum and undergoes accelerated corrosion when coupled to more noble metals. In most environments, titanium is the cathodic member of any galvanic couple. It may accelerate...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... hide, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . The appearance of these grooves is a result of pointed cracks filled with a mixture of iron oxide and iron sulfide corrosion products. Severe corrosion found in the conventional boilers is attributed to localized reducing conditions caused by improper mixing of air...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... procedures. Three different surface conditions are generally encountered, primarily depending on the method of prior heating: Bright annealed white surface requiring removal of tarnish by flash pickling Bright annealed oxidized surface requiring removal of a layer of reduced oxide, sometimes...
Book Chapter

By P.H. Shipway
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006414
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., such as fretting duration, slip amplitude, normal load, fretting frequency, contact geometry, type of vibration, and surface finish, as well as the role of environmental conditions. The article reviews the influence of an aqueous environment on the mechanism of fretting. The steps that can be taken to reduce...
Book Chapter

By Russell D. Kane
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003611
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... protective oxide scale formed in sulfur-free oxidizing gas. (b) Sulfide-oxide scale formed in reducing conditions containing hydrogen sulfide. Courtesy of I.G. Wright, Battelle Columbus Division The latter circumstance can be assessed from the Pilling-Bedworth ratio, which is the ratio of the volumes...
Book Chapter

By Paul Crook
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... important to industries that have to deal with aggressive chemicals and high-temperature conditions. Most nickel alloys are much more resistant than the stainless steels to reducing acids, such as hydrochloric, and some are extremely resistant to the chloride-induced phenomena of pitting, crevice attack...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... areas, and eliminating welds with backing rings or joint irregularities can reduce or negate caustic gouging. Hydrogen damage also results from fouled heat-transfer surfaces. There is some disagreement as to whether hydrogen damage can occur only under acidic conditions or whether it can happen...
Book Chapter

By Peter H. Wright
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract Two high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) families, acicular-ferrite steels and pearlite-reduced steels, contain microalloying additions of vanadium and niobium. Vanadium, niobium, and titanium combine preferentially with carbon and/or nitrogen to form a fine dispersion of precipitated...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Powder metallurgy (PM) stainless steels, as with conventional PM steels, are often used in the as-sintered condition. In addition to cost considerations, minimization of postsinter handling and secondary operations is also preferred because it reduces the potential for contamination...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Refractory metals are extracted from ore concentrates or scrap, processed into intermediate chemicals, and then reduced to metal, usually in powder form. This article discusses the raw materials needed and the processing steps for producing pure and alloyed refractory metal powders...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... to sulfide. Sulfate-reducing bacteria will only flourish and cause damage if they obtain sufficient sulfate. Sulfate is abundant in freshwaters, seawater, and soils. Sulfide appears as H 2 S (dissolved or gaseous), HS − ions, S 2− ions, metal sulfides, or a combination of these, according to conditions...
Book Chapter

By Peter Elliott
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
..., conditions, and specific circumstances that together can reduce the anticipated service life of a component or plant. The color images in this article are categorized according to the type of corrosion following the general order that is adopted in Volume 13A of ASM Handbook. The first table of the article...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... In these reactors, a high oxidation potential remains in the coolant outside the core and can lead to intergranular cracking occurring on primary piping. Reducing conditions can, however, be obtained by H 2 additions, and now almost all BWRs operate under hydrogen-controlled water chemistry. This is obtained...
Book Chapter

By K.D. Clarke, C.J. Van Tyne
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006424
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and increases in material (and machining) costs. More recently, computational analyses have resulted in improved simulation capabilities, which allow for improved die design to reduce conditions that are conducive to abrasive wear ( Ref 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... alloys were also investigated for their resistance to EAC. One way by which titanium alloys may suffer EAC under reducing conditions is by the formation of hydrides ( Ref 41 ). Slow strain rate testing was conducted using Ti Gr 1 in deaerated 20% sodium chloride (NaCl) at 90 °C (195 °F) at an applied...