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Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 5 The effect of a small addition of reactive elements (yttrium of zirconium) on scale adhesion and the 1100 °C (2010 °F) cyclic oxidation resistance of a model Ni-15Cr-13Al (wt%) coating alloy More
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
is filled with premixed ceramic grain. (5) For metal alloys containing highly reactive elements, the can may be sealed under vacuum. (6) Heated to hot pressing temperature, typically between 1030 and 1200 °C (1886 and 2192 °F), depending on the die alloy, and pressed for a few seconds. (7) Can is broken up More
Book Chapter

By Marek Danielewski
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... active elements so that only oxygen-inward transport occurs, leading to scale formation solely at the metal interface and reducing the growth stresses. Numerous mechanisms to explain the reactive- element effect were proposed ( Ref 10 ): A change in the transport properties of the oxide...
Book Chapter

By S. Lampman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... and chemical properties, including chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and chemical reactivity. The article discusses the effects of alloying elements in titanium alloys, and describes the classes of titanium alloys, namely, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys. It also describes...
Book Chapter

By Harry E. Chandler
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article focuses on the machining of reactive metals which refer collectively to the elements titanium, hafnium, and zirconium. It provides guidelines for machining titanium and titanium alloys and describes machining operations, such as turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006066
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., is a reactive element, and it has strong affinity for oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Because of this, greater care is necessary in the processing of PM stainless steels in order to avoid formation of undesirable phases and metallurgical defects. In wrought stainless steel metallurgy, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... applications, but the difficulties encountered relate to both the poor bond strength and high wetting angle between carbon and copper, necessitating the use of coatings or reactive elements to increase the bond strength. Generally, the low bond strength between carbon fibers and any of the common metals...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002473
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... and are occasionally present in engineering alloys or coatings. The phenomenon is especially important for single-crystal superalloys, which have the potential of being very oxidation resistant, but are not easily manufactured with yttrium. Fig. 5 The effect of a small addition of reactive elements (yttrium...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Commercial vacuum induction melting (VIM) was developed in the early 1950s, having been stimulated by the need to produce superalloys containing reactive elements within an evacuated atmosphere. The process is relatively flexible, featuring the independent control of time, temperature, pressure, and mass...
Book Chapter

By David W. Tripp
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... (for example, for refractory metals), vacuum arc melting and remelting (for reactive metals and superalloys), and electroslag melting and vacuum induction melting (for superalloys, specialty steels, and nonferrous metals). Some advantages and limitations of the competing vacuum processes are given in Table 1...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... boundary illustrates that the (1010) faces grow by nucleation of planes at the step. Source: Ref 37 When weak, reactive impurities such as sulfur are present in the melt, a contaminated environment occurs. These elements change the edge energy of steps, resulting in a relative position change...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... Once sulfur has reacted with the alloy, sulfur tends to react preferentially with chromium or aluminum to form sulfides; this can cause redistribution of the scale-forming elements or interfere with the formation of protective oxide scales. Nickel-chromium alloys have been successfully used at service...
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 25 Schematic of the change in the growth rate of graphite due to the absorption of foreign atoms in spheroidal graphite eutectic. Three variations of an Fe-C-Si cast iron are as follows. (a) With nodularizer added as reactive impurity environment. (b) Pure environment. (c) Contaminated More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract This article discusses the fundamentals of thermal vaporization and condensation and provides information on the various vaporization sources and methods of vacuum deposition. It offers an overview of reactive evaporation and its deposition techniques. The article also explains...
Book Chapter

By Richard C. Sutherlin
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and chemical properties of zirconium castings. Zirconium Reactivity Considerations Zirconium has a melting point of 1852 °C (3365 °F). It reacts vigorously with interstitial elements (e.g., hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon) at elevated temperatures. This reaction begins to occur at temperatures...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... current must travel. An additional consideration is the degree of chemical reactivity of the slag with elemental components of the electrode. Figure 6 is a nominal plot of process parameters for the remelting of a nickel-base alloy. Figure 7 shows voltage swings and the major control parameters...
Book Chapter

By R. Terrence Webster
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... titanium and austenitic stainless steels. Zirconium has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which contributes to low distortion during welding. Because of the reactivity of zirconium with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, the metal must be shielded during welding with high-purity inert gas or a good...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... easily be categorized by elemental base. aluminum copper corrosion resistance nickel nonferrous metals titanium NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS are widely used to resist corrosion. At one end of the spectrum, they are used for water piping and food preparation. At the other end...
Book Chapter

By Carlo G. Pantano
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001774
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Al + signal in a dirty vacuum or in the presence of an intentional oxygen leak than in a nonreactive UHV environment. Therefore, most modern approaches to SIMS analysis—at least when quantitative elemental analysis is of interest—use reactive primary ion beams rather than inert ion beams; an oxygen...
Book Chapter

By G. Keough
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... in a vacuum/inert gas chamber. The chamber and vacuum or inert gas backfill is essential to avoid excessive oxidation of the reactive alloy elements, particularly titanium. Directly below the furnace is a centrifuge table that the molds are mounted on so that the molds can be centrifuged during filling...