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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003510
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... during heat treating and describes the metallurgical sources of stress and distortion during heating and cooling. The article summarizes the effect of materials and the quench-process design on distortion and cracking and details the effect of cooling characteristics on residual stress and distortion...
Book Chapter

By William E. Dowling, Jr., Nagendra Palle
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...), dimensional changes (with respect to size and shape), and, in an extreme situation, component cracking, often referred to as quench cracking. These factors (residual stresses and dimensional changes) have the greatest influence on the design process of a component. Often, the inability to produce components...
Book Chapter

By Stanley Zinn
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005862
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... of hardening (martensite formation) for a given cooling rate at the surface during quenching ( Ref 2 ). Hardenability is a key factor in selecting steels for heat treatment. It depends on alloying and the grain size of austenite prior to quenching. Quench process design also depends on the mechanical...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005958
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... process. Furthermore, quality standards such as AMS 2750d or North American Die Casting Association (NADCA), which describe temperature homogeneity or quenching speeds and resulting and needed workpiece properties, had a significant effect on furnace design and process control. For over 60 years...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005852
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and design of the coil and quench ring, or internally machined within the coil. Quench delay: Quench delay is an important part of the process. Quench delay is the time from the end of heat to the start of quench, and can actually start before the end of the heat cycle when necessary to compensate...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... processing using high-velocity water flow IQ units. This article presents a detailed description of IQ technology, related equipment, and IQ applications. A review of intensive quench system design and processing is provided, including numerical design criteria, steel selection, quenchants, properties...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... position. In the case of a moving transformer scanner, the coil is scanned downward to the first heat position, and the coil and quench are scanned upward. In any case, the final stage of the active process is very close to the load/unload position. Moving-Part Vertical Scanner Designs There are two...
Book Chapter

By Arthur Reardon
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... such as AISI 52100 and A2 tool steel, as well as low-carbon carburizing grades such as AISI 3310, 8620, and 9310. Carburizing steels in particular can benefit from the process of press quenching, due to the nature of their processing and popularity in many of the automotive and gearing assemblies used...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides an efficient, alternate, virtual approach for simulating and analyzing quenching processes with an impact on component design, manufacturing process, and quality. This article provides domain insights for quenching researchers and CFD...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... measurement methods, temperature control, materials handling, and filtration processes during the agitation process. The maintenance of quenching installations is also discussed. agitators computational fluid dynamics fixtures quench tank design quenchants quenching safety precautions MUCH...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007018
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... cannot be reduced. Fig. 14 Various features of a typical stress-strain curve obtained from a tension test. Source: Ref 12 Fig. 15 Variation of yield strength with temperature for three generic classes of steel. Source: Ref 14 Effect of Materials and Quench Process Design...
Book Chapter

By J.R. Keough
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... In specially designed pressurized batch quench systems, up to 12% water can be added, greatly increasing the quench severity. Fig. 2 Relative maximum quench severity of various quench systems compared on the Grossman scale. Source: Research performed by Applied Process Inc. and AFC Holcroft When...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005839
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... the quick-change adapter allows for a variable vertical position. Fig. 25 Styles of quick-change adapters. Courtesy of Capital Induction Quenching Considerations in Induction Coil Design In many cases, quenching is done to finalize the hardening process of steel components, and it typically...
Book Chapter

By Volker Heuer
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... (austenitizing/thermochemical treatment and quenching in one single chamber) Figure 5 illustrates the design of a cold chamber for gas quenching. Before the HPGQ process is started, the hot load is transported into the cold chamber. After closing a pressuretight door, the chamber is flooded...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... the quality parameters (such as case depth, microstructure, hardness, and distortion) for a given set of input parameters (including materials, component dimensions, and process cycle). Such a tool can be effectively leveraged to design a process cycle and optimize an industrial operation without the expense...
Book Chapter

By Weimin Gao, Lingxue Kong, Peter Hodgson
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005794
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... the cooling rate required by the heat treatment process for the parts. Such a fluidized bed is also limited in its production capacity per square meter of bed surface, so that a large fluidized bed must be designed to maintain the quenching temperature. When the heat released from the hot treated parts...
Book Chapter

By Satyam S. Sahay
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005987
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
..., induction hardening, through hardening, and nitriding. In view of the emerging use of mathematical modeling and optimization, a brief overview of its application for process and design optimization is also provided. carburizing gears heat treatment induction hardening low-pressure carburizing...
Book Chapter

By Volker Heuer
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... and quenching in one single chamber) Figure 8 illustrates the design of a cold chamber for gas quenching. Before the HPGQ process is started, the hot load is transported into the cold chamber. After a pressure-tight door is closed, the chamber is flooded with the quench gas. Two fans are used...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
.... There are a variety of complex thermo-hydrodynamic processes involved in spray quenching, with the cooling intensity being a function of several factors, including: Surface temperature of the workpiece Type and purity of quenchant Pressure/flow Design of the quench assembly Number, size...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... applied stresses that arise during application. They also magnify stresses encountered during the manufacturing process, such as quenching during heat treatment. In addition to quenching stresses, sharp corners can also promote the buildup of residual stresses. As generous a radius as the design permits...