Fig. 2 Typical punches for backward and forward extrusion of aluminum alloy parts. Clearance given in inches. More

Fig. 4 Density in compaction is greatest at the surfaces of the moving punches More

Fig. 5 Multilevel parts require independent motions of the punches so that the compaction ratio is the same in all levels More

Fig. 24 Fill positions and strokes of the punches for compacting the test part. UP, upper punch; LIP, lower inner punch; LOP, lower outer punch More

Fig. 11 Layout of a typical piercing die, and three types of punches used More

Fig. 22 Dies and punches most commonly used in press-brake forming. (a) 90° V-bending. (b) Offset bending. (c) Radiused 90° bending. (d) Acute-angle bending. (e) Flattening, for three types of hems. (f) Combination bending and flattening. (g) Gooseneck punch for multiple bends. (h) Special More

Fig. 16 Stepped punches More

Fig. 19 Methods of applying shear to punches and dies More

Fig. 18 Typical hardnesses for tool steel perforator punches. Regardless of material, punches should be tempered back to 56 to 60 HRC if they are to be subjected to heavy shock or used to pierce thick material. More

Fig. 18 Special punches More

Fig. 19 Punches stepped to avoid breakage More

Fig. 5 Three types of shear on piercing punches. Angle and depth of shear are exaggerated for emphasis. More

Fig. 6 Typical piercing die, and three types of punches used. See text for discussion. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 22 90° gooseneck punches More

Fig. 4 Single-row blank layouts (shaded areas represent punches) More

Fig. 5 Double-row blank layouts (shaded areas represent punches) More

Fig. 6 Triple-row blank layouts (shaded areas represent punches) More

Fig. 4 Dies and punches most commonly used in press-brake forming. (a) 90° V-bending. (b) Offset bending. (c) Radiused 90° bending. (d) Acute-angle bending. (e) Flattening for three types of hems. (f) Combination bending and flattening. (g) Gooseneck punch for multiple bends. (h) Special More

Fig. 6 Three types of special punches and dies for press-brake forming. (a) Forming a channel in one stroke. (b) Forming a U-bend in one stroke. (c) Flattening to remove springback after U-bending More

Fig. 10 Special punches and dies for producing lock seams in a press brake More