Fig. 6 Backward extrusion punch. A, nose angle; B, punch land; C, corner radius; D, relief angle More

Fig. 16 Punch compression. P is total punch load, L is length, Y is deflection, A is area of punch, and E is Young's modulus. More

Fig. 8 Punch force trajectories for samples 6 to 10 without process control. Punch force trajectories using constant binder force of 575 kN (65 tonf) More

Fig. 11 Punch force plots using process control and a reference punch force ( F p ) trajectory More

Fig. 23 Guided punch. Courtesy of Durable Punch and Die Company More

Fig. 58 Three types of failure in deep drawing. (a) Fracture over punch nose; punch nose radius is too sharp. (b) Chevron fracture in wall; die-profile radius is too sharp. (c) Vertical crack in thick-walled cups; die-profile radius may be too sharp, and blank edge may be poor. More

Fig. 13 Basic components of tooling for a flash-trimming press: punch, blade-supporting plate, and plate holder (or shoe), on the top row, and their working combination and the workpiece after trimming, on the bottom row More

Fig. 4 Rapidly increasing pressure with punch travel (decreasing thickness) during forging of pure aluminum (AA1050, 99.5 wt% Al). Note that allowing a small amount of material to be simultaneously extruded upward slightly reduces the forging pressure required. S 0 , diam of the extruded pin More

Fig. 5 Hot forging top blocker punch made from H13. Source: Ref 3 More

Fig. 8 Punch and die layout in a six-station cold former. Courtesy of M. van Thiel, Nedschroef Herentals N.V. More

Fig. 12 Multipass ironing with tapered punch and dies in tandem More

Fig. 31 Cracks initiated at the point of contact between the punch and preform in the original preform design. The preform had a taper of 30° on the inside diameter. More

Fig. 18 Nozzle extrusion, a complex contour forging method. (a) Punch position before extrusion. (b) Punch position after extrusion More

Fig. 27 Blank unacceptably distorted by punch/blank diameter relationship. When the punch diameter is too large in relation to block diameter, it deforms the blank rather than indents it. More

Fig. 10 Traveling wire EDM job. The inside piece is the part to be kept (a punch, for example). If the outside is to be kept, as in a die, the start hole is in the slug. The glue strap keeps the slug from falling and maintains electrical continuity to the finish. More

Fig. 22 CPM 10V punch and copper-beryllium blank used in a progressive stamping operation. Courtesy of Crucible Materials Corporation More

Fig. 10 Residual surface stresses for S5 steel punch. Source: Ref 11 More

Fig. 6 Two-level compaction. (a) Single lower punch when h ≤ H /4. (b) Double lower punches when h > H /4. Source: Ref 3 More

Fig. 14 Effect of compressive stress on tubular punch More

Fig. 15 Tensile stresses in a tubular punch during compacting. Large arrows indicate action of powder on walls of punch. More