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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract Pultrusion is a cost-effective automated process for manufacturing continuous, constant cross-section composite profiles. This article describes the process characteristics and advantages of pultrusion. It provides information on the applications of pultrusion and discusses...
Abstract
Pultrusion is a cost-effective automated process for manufacturing continuous, constant cross-section composite profiles. This article describes the process characteristics and advantages of pultrusion. It provides information on the applications of pultrusion and discusses the processing equipment and tooling, the material composition, and the process control essential for a basic understanding of the pultrusion process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...Abstract Abstract Pultrusion is an automated process for manufacturing composite materials into continuous, constant cross-sectional profiles. The article provides an overview of the pultrusion process and the wide range of materials that can be used to provide a broad spectrum of composite...
Abstract
Pultrusion is an automated process for manufacturing composite materials into continuous, constant cross-sectional profiles. The article provides an overview of the pultrusion process and the wide range of materials that can be used to provide a broad spectrum of composite properties. It discusses the mechanical, physical and material properties of pultruded products, and the orientation options available to utilize the properties advantageously. The article also provides guidelines for designing pultruded products.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract This article describes the chemistry of phenolic resins and reviews their characteristics and properties for various composites fabrication processes. The fabrication processes include solution/hot-melt process, pultrusion, vacuum infusion, filament winding, sheet molding...
Abstract
This article describes the chemistry of phenolic resins and reviews their characteristics and properties for various composites fabrication processes. The fabrication processes include solution/hot-melt process, pultrusion, vacuum infusion, filament winding, sheet molding, and hand lay-up. The article illustrates the manufacturing process of phenolic honeycomb and provides information on the applications of phenolic composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., autoclave molding, diaphragm forming, compression molding, roll forming, bladder molding, liquid molding, filament winding, and pultrusion. thermoplastic composites composite consolidation autoclave molding diaphragm forming compression molding roll forming bladder molding liquid molding...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of thermoplastic composites and its material forms. It presents the steps and considerations in manufacturing the thermoplastic composites. The article describes the various techniques of manufacturing, such as consolidation, autoclave molding, diaphragm forming, compression molding, roll forming, bladder molding, liquid molding, filament winding, and pultrusion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002492
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... including contact molding, compression-type molding, resin-injection molding, and pultrusion are described. The article also discusses the various factors to be considered in designing for composite manufacturing. ceramic matrix composites composite manufacture compression-type molding contact...
Abstract
The goal of design is to improve the overall performance of the metal or ceramic matrix rather than to create a material with different response than the base matrix. This article focuses on the design for manufacturing polymeric composites. Specially developed methods including contact molding, compression-type molding, resin-injection molding, and pultrusion are described. The article also discusses the various factors to be considered in designing for composite manufacturing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002491
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... 3.0 30 y y y y n y n n y y Filament winding n/a n/a n/a n/a … … n/a y n y y y n n (a) y Pultrusion n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a y n n/a n y n n y y Note: y, yes; n, no; n/a, not applicable. (a) One side of filament-wound article will exhibit...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts. The methods include injection molding, extrusion, thermoforming, blow molding, rotational molding, compression molding/transfer molding, composites processing, and casting. The article describes principal features incorporated into the design of plastic parts. It concludes with a discussion on the materials selection methodology for plastics.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003425
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... high strength composite product forms ( Ref 1 , 2 ). Emphasis on weight minimization as a means of enhancing aircraft performance and reducing life cycle cost has pushed the use of composites in lieu of heavier, but in general, lower manufacturing cost, metals. Automated processes such as pultrusion...
Abstract
Advanced thermoplastic composites possess impact resistance, fracture toughness, and elevated temperature endurance properties due to their melt-fusible nature. This article presents the material options available for thermoplastic composites such as pseudothermoplastics, post-impregnated thermoplastics, and true thermoplastics. It describes the processing methods of thermoplastic composites, including weaving, seaming, autoclaving, preconsolidation, roll consolidation, roll forming/pultruding, thermoforming, press forming, hydroforming, and diaphragm forming. The article provides information on different types of joints, namely, fastened, adhesive bonded, dual polymer bonded, co-consolidated, and welded joints. It explains the joining methods of thermoplastic composites, such as press forming, diaphragm forming, autoclaving, ultrasonic welding, resistance welding, and induction welding.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003482
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... is prefabricated and cured (using wet lay-up, pultrusion, or autoclave cure) and then bonded onto the concrete substrate using an adhesive under pressure Very quick application Wet lay-up Resin is applied to the concrete substrate and layers of fabric are then impregnated in place using rollers...
Abstract
Composites, particularly fiber-reinforced polymer materials, are increasingly being adopted or considered as alternatives to conventional materials for civil infrastructure applications, such as bridges, buildings, waterfront structures, waste treatment facilities, and facilities for transmission and transport of utilities. This article provides information on seismic retrofit applications and discusses the repair and strengthening of components, such as beams, slabs, large-diameter pipes, and bridge decks.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...) Squeeze flow manufacturing methods (advanced thermoplastic composites manufacturing methods): compaction roller deforms both thermoplastic resin and preimpregnated fiber network. Examples are thermoplastic sheet forming, thermoplastic pultrusion, and tape laying. (c) Porous media manufacturing methods...
Abstract
This article provides information on the classification of various composites manufacturing processes based on similar transport processes. The composites manufacturing processes can be grouped into three categories: short-fiber suspension methods, squeeze flow methods, and porous media methods. The article presents an overview of the modeling philosophy and approach that is useful in describing composite manufacturing processes.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... performance can justify the relatively high costs. A second group of forming processes is that which makes use of dry reinforcements in a semicontinuous or continuous fashion such as filament winding, braiding, or pultrusion. The third group includes the closed-mold processes as discussed in the articles...
Abstract
Designing composites for structural performance initially involves meeting a set of desired performance specifications at a minimum cost. This article discusses the factors that are considered in designing the manufacturing of polymeric composites. It describes the various aspects of manufacturing, forming process, and post-processing and fabrication for designing the composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and molded into parts. Many fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) automotive body panels are made by this process. Filament winding and pultrusion are processes that use single-end rovings in continuous form. Applications include pipes, tanks, leaf springs, and many other structural composites...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, oxide composition, as well as mechanical and physical properties of general-purpose and special-purpose glass fibers. It describes the glass melting and fiber forming processes and provides information on important commercial products such as continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and textile yarns.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0009241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., racquetball, and squash are made from prepregged carbon fiber that is sheeted, wrapped around a bladder, and cured. Carbon composite arrows are fabricated by either of two processes: pultrusion or roll wrapping. Skis and bicycle components tend to use fabrics made from carbon fiber. Commercial...
Abstract
The earliest commercial use of carbon fibers is often attributed to Thomas Edison's carbonization of cotton and bamboo fibers for incandescent lamp filaments. This article describes the manufacture of PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers. It discusses the properties and characteristics of carbon fibers in terms of axial structure, transverse structure, and interfacial bonding. The article discusses the typical applications of carbon fibers, including aerospace and sporting goods. It concludes with a discussion on anticipated developments in carbon fibers.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... Bicycle Wheels The SPIN bicycle wheel from Innovations in Composites is made with a long carbon-fiber-reinforced nylon blend. The long fiber compounds are prepared in a pultrusion process that permits a high level of fiber impregnation. The three-spoke 1 kg (2.2 lb) SPIN wheel is a one-piece hollow...
Abstract
This article discusses the historical background of composite construction in recreational equipment and sporting goods. It provides information on the applications of composites in baseball bats, tennis rackets, and golf clubs. The applications of composites in bicycling, winter sports, aquatic sports, track, field, and archery equipment are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003412
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... internally. Good dimensional tolerances can be achieved. Resin Transfer Molding Resin transfer molding may be used with room-temperature cure resins or may be cured at elevated temperatures. Pultrusion Pultrusion uses a heated die to create shapes with constant cross sections. The geometry...
Abstract
Curing is the irreversible change in the physical properties of a thermosetting resin brought about by a chemical reaction, condensation, ring closure, or addition. This article discusses the material types and functions of various components considered in the preparation for curing. It presents a discussion on the major elements of an autoclave system, namely, pressure vessel, gas stream heating and circulation sources, gas stream pressurizing systems, loading systems, and vacuum systems. The article describes a computerized approach to the simultaneous control of materials reaction behavior and consolidation dynamics, using an autoclave as the reaction vessel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002465
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... list of current reinforcements, matrix materials, and coupling agents. Most frequently used reinforcements include: Uniaxial continuous fiber for end-tape filament winding, braiding, or pultrusion Fabric (warp and fill continuous fiber) for tape wrapping and lay-up fabrication processes...
Abstract
This article describes the interaction of composition, manufacturing process, and composite properties of composites. The manufacturing process includes resin-matrix, metal-matrix, and carbon/carbon matrix processing. The article discusses various mechanical properties of composites. It explores how variations in the composition, manufacturing, shop process instructions, and loading/environmental conditions can affect the use of a composite product in a performance/service life operation.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... methods: Wet lay-up, prepreg lay-up, fiber placement, tape lay-up, pultrusion, resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum- assisted resin transfer molding, filament winding, compression molding, injection molding, centrifugal casting Processing equipment: Vacuum bagging, molds, ovens, autoclaves, presses...
Abstract
This article describes common design criteria and identifies the design considerations that have a significant effect on the end product. The design criteria include cost, size, mechanical properties, repeatability and precision of parts, damage tolerance and durability, and environmental constraints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... automated filament winding or tape laying. Processes such as pultrusion and braiding can also use prepreg forms instead of in-line resin impregnation. While the latter may be lower in initial cost, it may be prohibitive for some resin systems (such as thermoplastics), and parameters such as fiber/resin...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials for commercial applications, epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, polyimide resins, and thermoplastic resins are used for aerospace applications. The article addresses design considerations as well as product forms and fabrication processes.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
Abstract
This article begins with a brief history of composite materials and discusses its characteristics. It presents an introduction to the constituents, product forms, and fabrication processes of composite materials. The article concludes with a discussion on the applications of organic-matrix, metal-matrix, and ceramic-matrix composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... winding, injection molding, and pultrusion, can be used to manufacture CMCs by the PIP method. Later, with the availability of carbon-coated CG Nicalon fiber and then commercial sources of BN coatings on Nicalon and higher-temperature fibers, a number of PIP-based CMCs were promoted (Ref 10 , 11 12...
Abstract
This article focuses on the process methods and matrix chemistries of ceramic-matrix composites. These methods include pressure-assisted densification, chemical vapor infiltration, melt infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, and sol-gel processing. The article discusses the use of a ceramic, preceramic, or metal phase as a fluid or vapor phase reactant to form the matrix. Emphasis is placed on microstructural features that influence ultimate composite properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006864
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... ratio Reduce screw speed Special Extrusion Processes Pultrusion, a composite process that has many similarities to extrusion, is selected only when constant sections are required. Pultrusion begins with strands of reinforcement, usually glass or carbon fibers, that have been wetted...
Abstract
This article discusses technologies focused on processing plastic materials or producing direct tools used in plastics processing. The article focuses on extrusion and injection molding, covering applications, materials and their properties, equipment, processing details, part design guidelines, and special processes. It also covers the functions of the extruder, webline handling, mixing and compounding operations, and process troubleshooting. Thermoforming and mold design are covered. Various other technologies for polymer processing covered in this article are blow molding, rotational molding, compression molding, transfer molding, hand lay-up process, casting, and additive manufacturing.