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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 131 Expanding shell-side liquid propane could not sufficiently increase in volume due to the lack of overpressure protection and the closed shell-side process valves. As a result, shell-side pressure increased until the reboiler shell failed.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... to the workpieces. This article begins with an overview of the theoretical background and the range and limitations of glow-discharge plasma. It describes the plasma carburizing process, which is carried out with methane or propane. Plasma carburizing processes of sinter metals and stainless steels...
Abstract
The plasma carburizing process is basically a low-pressure carburizing process making use of a high-voltage electrical field applied between the load to be treated and the furnace wall producing activated and ionized gas species responsible for carbon transfer to the workpieces. This article begins with an overview of the theoretical background and the range and limitations of glow-discharge plasma. It describes the plasma carburizing process, which is carried out with methane or propane. Plasma carburizing processes of sinter metals and stainless steels, and the influence of current pulse length on carbon input of low-pressure carburizing process are also described. The article presents the basic requirements and process parameters to be considered in plasma carburizing equipment. It also exemplifies a still-working plasma process in industrial measure.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005758
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... such as oxygen, compressed air, nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, acetylene, kerosene, propylene, propane, and natural gas. The article also provides information on the maintenance and safety practices involved in the plumbing configurations of cylinder gas supply units and bulk gas supply units...
Abstract
This article provides members of the thermal spray community with practical recommendations for the safe installation, operation, and maintenance of gas equipment used in the thermal spray process. It focuses on safety issues concerning gas equipment used in conjunction with thermal spray equipment at consumer sites. The article covers the gas sources (bulk or gaseous), the piping (hard and soft) leading to the gas console or the torch, and the specific safety devices used to help ensure safe operation. It discusses the characteristics and safety hazards of gases such as oxygen, compressed air, nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, acetylene, kerosene, propylene, propane, and natural gas. The article also provides information on the maintenance and safety practices involved in the plumbing configurations of cylinder gas supply units and bulk gas supply units.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005642
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...Abstract Abstract This article contains a table that lists the properties of various fuel gases, namely, acetylene, hydrogen, methane, methyl acetylene propadiene, propane, propylene, and natural gas. It discusses shielding gases, their mixtures and uses in gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc...
Abstract
This article contains a table that lists the properties of various fuel gases, namely, acetylene, hydrogen, methane, methyl acetylene propadiene, propane, propylene, and natural gas. It discusses shielding gases, their mixtures and uses in gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and plasma arc welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., such as oxygen, acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and proprietary gases, in OFW. The article discusses the important elements of an OFW system, such as gas storage facilities, pressure regulators, hoses, torches, related safety devices, and accessories. It describes the sequence for setting up...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas welding (OFW) is a manual process in which the metal surfaces to be joined are melted progressively by heat from a gas flame, with or without a filler metal. This article discusses the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of OFW. It describes the role of gases, such as oxygen, acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and proprietary gases, in OFW. The article discusses the important elements of an OFW system, such as gas storage facilities, pressure regulators, hoses, torches, related safety devices, and accessories. It describes the sequence for setting up a positive-pressure welding outfit. The article provides information on forehand welding and backhand welding, as well as various joints used. It concludes with a discussion on repairs and alterations, as well as the safety aspects.
Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 19 Effect of low-temperature hold on retained austenite in carbonitrided 8617 steel bar. (a) Carbonitrided 4 h at 845 °C (1550 °F) in 8% ammonia, 8% propane, and remainder endothermic gas. Oil quenched and tempered 1.5 h at 150 °C (300 °F). Structure is tempered martensite (dark
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 29 Effect of low-temperature hold on retained austenite in carbonitrided 8617 steel bar. (a) Carbonitrided 4 h at 845 °C (1550 °F) in 8% ammonia, 8% propane, and remainder endothermic gas. Oil quenched and tempered 1.5 h at 150 °C (300 °F). Structure is tempered martensite (dark
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... temperature and rapid heating rates), satisfactory results can be obtained in spin hardening with natural gas, propane, or manufactured gas. The choice of gas depends on the shape, size, and composition of the workpiece and on the depth of case required, as well as on the relative cost and availability...
Abstract
Flame hardening is a heat treating process in which a thin surface shell of a steel part is heated rapidly to a temperature above the critical temperatures of the steel. The versatility of flame-hardening equipment and the wide range of heating conditions obtainable with gas burners, often permit flame hardening to be done by a variety of methods. These include the spot or stationary method, progressive method, spinning method, and the combination progressive-spinning method. This article provides information on fuel gases used in flame hardening and their selection criteria for specific applications. It also discusses operating procedures and control requirements for flame hardening of steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... The typical fuel gases used in torch brazing are acetylene, propane, and methane (natural gas). Various flame temperatures and heat contents are given in Table 1 . Common fuel gases used in torch brazing Table 1 Common fuel gases used in torch brazing Fuel gas Formula Oxygen-to-fuel gas ratio...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001394
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... on automated systems. Gases Fuel gas and air systems are frequently used for torch soldering because of the low heat requirements. The plumbing industry often utilizes a simple hand-held propane/air torch that is attached to the top of a small, rechargeable cylinder. Surrounding air is mixed...
Abstract
Torch soldering utilizes a fuel gas flame as the heat source in the soldering process to produce a leak-tight assembly with some degree of mechanical strength. This article describes the advantages, limitations, and applications of torch soldering. It reviews the equipment used and the basic heating techniques required for the soldering.
Image
Published: 01 January 1997
starting Touch and retract Preheat 79 °C (175 °F), then 121 °C (250 °F) (propane torch) Interpass temperature 260 °C (500 °F) Postheat 621±25 °C (1150±25 °F) (furnace), 1 h/25 mm (1 in.) of section Root passes (SMAW): Power supply 300 A motor-generator Electrode 4.8 mm ( 3
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005927
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... in a propane-fired fluidized bed. Source: Ref 8 Fig. 10 Representative decarburization bands for steel held in a fluidized bed. Steels used: type O1 and type D3 tool steels and 0.75% C plain carbon steel. Source: Ref 3 Neutral or Inert Gases Atmospheres for the neutral hardening of tool...
Abstract
This article discusses the important characteristics of fluidized beds. The total space occupied by a fluidized bed can be divided into three zones: grid zone, main zone, and above-bed zone. The article discusses the various types of atmospheres of fluidized beds, such as oxidizing and decarburizing atmosphere; nitrocarburizing and nitriding atmosphere; carburizing and carbonitriding atmosphere; and chemical vapor deposition atmosphere. External resistance heating, external combustion heating, internal resistance heating, direct resistance heating, submerged combustion heating, and internal combustion heating can be used to achieve the heat input for a fluidized bed. The article also describes the operations, design considerations, and applications of fluidized-bed furnaces in heat treating. Thermochemical surface treatments, such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing, are also discussed. Finally, the article reviews the principles and applications of fluidized-bed heat treatment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... This final diffusion step is used to obtain the required surface carbon content. Depending on the steel type and the desired amount of retained austenite, the target for surface carbon content is typically between 0.65 and 0.85% ( Fig. 1 ). In addition to acetylene, other carbon sources such as propane...
Abstract
Low-pressure carburizing (LPC) is one of the most popular case-hardening processes and is applied to increase the fatigue limit of dynamically loaded components. It takes place in a pressure range between 5 and 15 mbar (4 and 11 torr) and at temperature range between 870 and 1050 deg C. The LPC process runs in two different types of equipment: single-chamber furnaces and treatment chambers. This article reviews the use of simulation software for prediction of carbon profiles and typical quality control procedures. It describes the physical principles and typical applications of LPC.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005983
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... are methane (CH 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), and butane (C 4 H 10 ). These gases impart a carburizing tendency to a furnace atmosphere. The chemical activity in reacting with the surface of hot steel depends on their thermal decomposition and their tendency to form nascent carbon at the steel...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of furnace atmospheric elements on steels. These elements are air, water vapor, molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The article provides useful information on six groups of commercially important prepared atmospheres classified by the American Gas Association on the basis of method of preparation or on the original constituents employed. These groups are designated and defined as follows: Class 100, exothermic base; Class 200, prepared nitrogen base; Class 300, endothermic base; Class 400, charcoal base; Class 500, exothermic-endothermic base; and Class 600, ammonia base. These are subclassified and numerically designated to indicate variations in the method by which they are prepared. The article also contains a table that lists significant furnace atmospheres and their typical applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and depth of case. The fuels of greatest commercial interest are ranked by combustion intensity (at metallurgically suitable ratios of mixture with oxygen) in the following order: acetylene, MAPP (methylacetylene propadiene), propane, methane. Values of normal burning velocity and the heating values...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals and applications of localized heat treating methods: induction hardening and tempering, laser surface transformation hardening, and electron-beam heat treatment. The article provides information about equipment and describes the selection of frequency, power, duration of heating, and coil design for induction hardening. The article also discusses the scope, application, methods, and operation of flame hardening.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... In gas carburizing, commercially the most important variant of carburizing, the source of carbon is a carbon-rich furnace atmosphere produced either from gaseous hydrocarbons—for example, methane (CH 4 ), propane (C 3 H 3 ), and butane (C 4 H 10 )—or from vaporized hydrocarbon liquids. Carbon Sources...
Abstract
Case hardening is defined as a process by which a ferrous material is hardened in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, becomes substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. This article discusses the equipment required, process variables, carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth is essential for quality control of the case hardening process and for evaluation of workpieces for conformance with specifications. The article also discusses various case depth measurement methods, including chemical, mechanical, visual, and nondestructive methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... heat release provides the most concentrated heat. These gases are superior for fast starts in flame cutting of high-alloy steels that are difficult to cut. Properties of common fuel gases Table 2 Properties of common fuel gases Acetylene Propane Propylene Methylacetylene- propadiene...
Abstract
This article discusses the operating principles, types, and applications of shearing and slitting of different forms of steel, including plates, flat sheets, bars, coiled sheet and strips. In addition, it provides a detailed account of the cutting methods such as oxyfuel gas cutting, plasma arc cutting, oxygen arc cutting, laser beam cutting, and air carbon arc cutting and gouging, describing their process capabilities, equipment used, operating principles and parameters, and factors affecting their efficiency.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... into an overall failure investigation. cryogenic pressure vessel failure analysis fracture mechanics gas transmission pipeline large fan liquid propane gas cylinder subcritical fracture mechanics FRACTURE MECHANICS has developed into a useful tool in the design of crack-tolerant structures...
Abstract
This article illustrates the role that fracture mechanics can play in failure analysis. It describes the important failure criteria as relations between design and materials factors, which are used to correlate fracture mechanics analysis to the observations of a failure analysis. Descriptions include an indication of how the factors are typically evaluated. The article also provides information on subcritical fracture mechanics. Finally, a group of failure analysis examples explain how fracture mechanics parameters can be determined and how they may be fitted into an overall failure investigation.