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Ralph S. Shoberg
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David Broek
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ASM Committee on Threaded Steel Fasteners, Frank W. Akstens, James Gialamas, Edward J. Bueche, T.P. Madvad ...
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Mary B. Vollaro, Jule A. Miller
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Simon A. Barter, Russell J.H. Wanhill
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Mitchell P. Kaplan, John W. Lincoln
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Jeffrey A. Jansen
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Published: 01 January 2000
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Threaded Fasteners and Bolted Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... fasteners include product hardness, proof load, axial and wedge tension testing of full-sized products, tension testing of machined test specimens, and total extension at fracture testing. Product hardness, proof load, and cone proof-load test are the test methods for internally threaded fasteners...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the relationships between torque, angle-of-turn, tension, and friction and explains how they are measured and evaluated. It focuses on the principle, test equipment, procedure, evaluation, and test report of various testing methods, namely, friction coefficient testing, torque tension testing, locknut testing, and angular ductility and rotational capacity tests. The article reviews the basic methods and fundamental principles for mechanical testing of externally and internally threaded fasteners and bolted joints. The test methods for externally threaded fasteners include product hardness, proof load, axial and wedge tension testing of full-sized products, tension testing of machined test specimens, and total extension at fracture testing. Product hardness, proof load, and cone proof-load test are the test methods for internally threaded fasteners. The article concludes with a description of torque-angle signature analysis and the specification of measurement accuracy for torque and clamp force.
Book Chapter
Design Considerations for Advanced Ceramics for Structural Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... in detailed design procedure. The article provides information on the proof testing of ceramics, and presents a short note on public domain software that helps determine the reliability of a loaded ceramic component. The article concludes with several design scenarios for gas turbine components, turbine...
Abstract
The design process for ceramic materials is more complex than that of metals because of low-strain tolerance, low fracture toughness and brittleness. The application of structural ceramics to engineering systems hinges on the functional benefits to be derived and is manifested in the conceptual design for acceptable reliability. This article discusses the design considerations for the use of structural ceramics for engineering applications. It describes the conceptual design and deals with fast fracture reliability, lifetime reliability, joints, attachments, interfaces, and thermal shock in detailed design procedure. The article provides information on the proof testing of ceramics, and presents a short note on public domain software that helps determine the reliability of a loaded ceramic component. The article concludes with several design scenarios for gas turbine components, turbine wheels, ceramic valves, and sliding parts.
Book Chapter
Concepts of Fracture Control and Damage Tolerance Analysis
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
.... Fig. 5 Destructive inspection with proof test. (a) Crack growth. (b) Detection of cracks equal to or greater than proof size. (c) Lower proof load with cooling As an example, consider a component that is subjected to a proof stress, σ proof . Fracture will occur if a crack a proof...
Abstract
Fracture control is a systematic process to prevent fracture during operation that depends on the criticality of the component, the economic consequences of the structures being out of service, and the damage that would be caused by a fracture failure. This article describes the key principles of fracture control and reviews the concepts of damage tolerance analysis. It further presents practical guidelines to obtain useful and reasonable answers from damage tolerance analysis. The article concludes with information on fracture mechanics and fatigue design.
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Destructive inspection with proof test. (a) Crack growth. (b) Detection of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 5 Destructive inspection with proof test. (a) Crack growth. (b) Detection of cracks equal to or greater than proof size. (c) Lower proof load with cooling
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... is obtained by the measurements of load and deflection at stresses below the proportional limit. The bending proof strength is determined by increasing the load in steps and unloading until a specified permanent set is obtained. The four-point bend test consists of a simple beam resting on two supports...
Abstract
Bend tests are conducted to determine the ductility or strength of a material. This article discusses the different bend tests with emphasis on test methods, apparatuses, procedures, specimen preparation, and interpretation and reporting of results. The types of bend tests discussed are bending ductility tests, bending strength tests (ASTM E 855), bend tests as per EN 12384 and JIS 3130, and computer-aided bending tests. The three standard bending strength tests are the cantilever beam bend test, the three-point bend test, and the four-point bend test. European Standard EN 12384 specifies a bend test to determine the modulus of elasticity in bending. Japanese Industrial Standard JIS 3130 specifies two tests to determine the elastic limit of spring plate or strip: the repeated deflection spring test and the moment type spring test.
Image
Typical torque testing arrangement. Studs that must undergo application qua...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 19 Typical torque testing arrangement. Studs that must undergo application qualification or preproduction testing should be torqued to destruction without failure in the weld. Proof torque testing during inspection of threaded studs should be applied at 60 to 66% of the yield torque load
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Book Chapter
Threaded Steel Fasteners
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001018
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... protective metal coatings for ferrous metal fasteners; zinc, cadmium, and aluminum; are described as well. bolt steels clamping force corrosion protection fastener performance failure modes grade designations proof stress stud steels threaded fasteners wedge tensile test THREADED...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties of threaded fasteners made from carbon and low-alloy steels containing a maximum of 0.55% carbon. It provides guidelines for the selection of steels for bolts, studs, and nuts intended for use at temperatures between -50 and 370 deg C. The article also discusses steels rated for service above 370 deg C and describes internationally recognized grade designations. The specifications provided can be used to outline fastener requirements, control manufacturing processes, and establish functional or performance standards. The most commonly used protective metal coatings for ferrous metal fasteners; zinc, cadmium, and aluminum; are described as well.
Image
Typical torque testing arrangement. Studs that must undergo application qua...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 19 Typical torque testing arrangement. Studs that must undergo application qualification or preproduction testing should be torqued to destruction without failure in the weld. Proof torque testing during inspection of threaded studs should be applied at 60 to 66% of the yield torque load
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Book Chapter
Evaluation and Quality Control of Brazed Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... subjects the completed joint to loads that exceed those loads that will be applied during its service life. The proof testing loads can be applied by hydrostatic methods, tensile loading, spin testing, or other methods. Occasionally, it is not possible to ensure a serviceable part by any other...
Abstract
This article outlines the requirements and methods associated with the inspection of brazements. It emphasizes the incorporation of these requirements into the overall quality system. The article reviews the acceptance limits, design limitations, and nondestructive and destructive inspection techniques involved in the brazement inspection. Selected case studies are also provided for further reference.
Image
Three types of loading. (a) Static tension. (b) Cyclic tension-tension fati...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 31 Three types of loading. (a) Static tension. (b) Cyclic tension-tension fatigue. (c) Proof test followed by fatigue
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Optical image of a fatigue fracture surface from an AA2024-T8 aluminum allo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 14 Optical image of a fatigue fracture surface from an AA2024-T8 aluminum alloy wing plate. The crack grew from a poorly drilled fastener hole. Fracture-surface markings due to the proof test loads are indicated by arrows. Source: Ref 30
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0009219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... This scatter can cause the results of a fatigue test program to be confusing if the test matrix is not well designed and the results are not evaluated in an appropriate statistical manner. Fatigue testing usually is performed to estimate the relationship between the amplitude of stress or strain (or load...
Abstract
This article reviews the planning of fatigue experiments, including the structure of a test plan, randomization, and nuisance variables. The statistical characterization of the S/N (stress/life) or e/N (strain/life) response of a single material tested under a single condition is discussed. The techniques for defining a mean fatigue curve and evaluating scatter or variability about that mean are explained. The article presents the standard techniques for statistical characterization of the fatigue strength or fatigue limit of a single material by use of the Probit method, the up-and-down (staircase) method, and two-point procedures. Stress-level selection methods are also presented. The article discusses the comparison of the fatigue behavior of two or more materials for data generated at a single stress or strain level. Treatments to compare data generated over a range of stress or strain levels are included. The article also summarizes the consolidation of fatigue data generated at different conditions.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Crack Growth Markers to Aid Quantitative Fractography
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... the spectrum schematic. Example 7: Overload Required in Spectrum Loading: AA2024-T8 This example concerns the proof tests that were required for continued operation during the service life of the General Dynamics F-111 aircraft. The in-service load history for the wings of these aircraft...
Abstract
This article discusses several examples of fatigue load histories that intentionally create artificial fracture-surface markings during testing such that they are measurable by post-test quantitative fractography (QF). It reviews a number of methods for providing fatigue fracture-surface markers to aid QF of fatigue crack growth (FCG). These methods are based on load changes, including reordering the basic load histories and/or adding loads to them. The article also provides some guidelines for obtaining recognizable FCG markers for a variety of load histories and crack-growth regimes for coupons, components, and, particularly, full-scale fatigue tests.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Polymers and Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... basic test methods for a group or strand of fibers are the single-filament tension and tow tensile tests. Room temperature strength tests, high-temperature strength tests, and proof tests are used for testing the properties of ceramics. mechanical properties ceramics polymers fibers...
Abstract
This article reviews the general mechanical properties and test methods commonly used for ceramics and three categories of polymers, namely, fibers, plastics, and elastomers. The mechanical test methods for determining the tensile strength, yield strength, yield point, and elongation of plastics include the short-term tensile test, the compressive strength test, the flexural strength test, and the heat deflection temperature test. The most commonly used tests for impact performance of plastics are the Izod notched-beam test, the Charpy notched-beam test, and the dart penetration test. Two basic test methods for a group or strand of fibers are the single-filament tension and tow tensile tests. Room temperature strength tests, high-temperature strength tests, and proof tests are used for testing the properties of ceramics.
Book Chapter
Testing and Characterization of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article describes testing and characterization methods of ceramics for chemical analysis, phase analysis, microstructural analysis, macroscopic property characterization, strength and proof testing, thermophysical property testing, and nondestructive evaluation techniques...
Abstract
This article describes testing and characterization methods of ceramics for chemical analysis, phase analysis, microstructural analysis, macroscopic property characterization, strength and proof testing, thermophysical property testing, and nondestructive evaluation techniques. Chemical analysis is carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and plasma-emission spectrophotometry. Phase analysis is done by X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic methods, thermal analysis, and quantitative analysis. Techniques used for microstructural analysis include reflected light microscopy using polarized light, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, and wavelength dispersive analysis of X-rays. Macroscopic property characterization involves measurement of porosity, density, and surface area. The article describes testing methods such as room and high-temperature strength test methods, proof testing, fracture toughness measurement, and hardness and wear testing. It also explains methods for determining thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and emissivity of ceramics and glass and measurement of these properties as a function of temperature.
Book Chapter
The U.S. Air Force Approach to Aircraft Damage Tolerant Design
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002394
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... between the crack-tip stress and the applied stress of the material being tested. This was accomplished in the paper written by Irwin in 1957 ( Ref 5 ). The results obtained for mode I loading (tension) by Irwin are: (Eq 3) σ x = K I ( 2 π r ) 1 / 2 cos θ 2...
Abstract
The inclusion of damage tolerance design and a systematic review of design procedures allow the U.S. Air Force to design, manufacture, and maintain systems that are structurally safe and economically prudent. After a brief introduction of fracture mechanics, this article describes the particular aspects that relate to damage tolerance in aircraft design. It discusses the use of fracture mechanics as a method of predicting failure, understanding failure mechanisms, and suggesting inspection methods to protect against failure in pressure vessels. Various programs of U.S. Air Force to design aircraft structure, namely, airframe structural integrity programs, engine structural integrity program, and mechanical subsystems structural integrity program are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties of Compacted Graphite Iron
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... by conduction of heat to water-cooled grips ( Fig. 20b ). The thermal stress that develops in the test specimen is monitored by a load cell installed in one of the grips holding the specimen. During thermal cycling, compressive stresses develop upon heating, and tensile stresses develop upon cooling. As thermal...
Abstract
The main factors affecting the mechanical properties of compacted graphite irons both at room temperatures and at elevated temperatures are composition, structure (nodularity and matrix), and section size. This article presents a comparison between some properties of flake graphite (FG), compacted graphite (CG), and spheroidal graphite (SG) irons in a table. It discusses the effects of composition, structure, and section size on the mechanical properties of compacted graphite irons. The compressive and shear properties, modulus of elasticity, impact properties, fatigue strength, and elevated-temperature properties of compacted graphite irons are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006933
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... the inherent load of the testing conditions. A thermogram showing the glass transition in an amorphous resin is shown in Fig. 11 . The evaluation of the glass transition is presented in Example 14 in Ref 4 . Thermomechanical analysis is generally accepted as a more accurate method for assessing the T g...
Abstract
This article reviews analytical techniques that are most often used in plastic component failure analysis. The description of the techniques is intended to familiarize the reader with the general principles and benefits of the methodologies, namely Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The article describes the methods for molecular weight assessment and mechanical testing to evaluate plastics and polymers. The descriptions of the analytical techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies to illustrate the significance of each method. The case studies also include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aided in the characterization of the failures.
Book Chapter
Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003525
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... observed differences are the result of material deficiencies or variations in test specimen configuration. Instead, mechanical testing is most useful in comparing a known good or control sample with a failed part. Many times, this is best accomplished through some sort of proof load testing. Proof load...
Abstract
This article reviews the analytical techniques most commonly used in plastic component failure analysis. These include the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The descriptions of the analytical techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies that include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aid in the characterization of the failures. The article describes the methods used for determining the molecular weight of a plastic resin. It explains the use of mechanical testing in failure analysis and also describes the considerations in the selection and use of test methods.
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