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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... requirements in the procurement document. The article summarizes requirements from a procurement document. As required by the procurement contract, corrosion-control technologies used in a vehicle system need to be evaluated to determine their benefit. The article provides information on testing systems, which...
Abstract
This article presents a discussion on the U.S army's position on corrosion control for wheeled tactical vehicles. It addresses the army requirement for corrosion control. The U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) defines the corrosion prevention and control requirements in the procurement document. The article summarizes requirements from a procurement document. As required by the procurement contract, corrosion-control technologies used in a vehicle system need to be evaluated to determine their benefit. The article provides information on testing systems, which help to meet the army's needs. It includes information on supplemental corrosion protection, which improves the corrosion resistance of a material.
Book Chapter
Blockchain for Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006961
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... for a blockchain-based AM procurement process. In such systems, the manufacturing data would be fed to the smart contracts before contractual agreements are implemented, reducing the time to process orders ( Ref 26 ). This would also enforce supplier accountability, easing shifts from one supplier to another...
Abstract
This article first describes a typical additive manufacturing (AM) process chain, which involves the transaction of digital information to manufacture physical products. The digitized nature of AM exposes the technology to increased vulnerabilities, posing a hurdle to its mass adoption. The article presents motivation for using blockchain, which is a decentralized, immutable ledger that is shared on a peer-to-peer network. The article presents the advantages of blockchain integration to AM supply chains. These involve aspects of data security, supply chain and logistics, finance, value creation, and scope expansion. The article also presents the opportunities and challenges of blockchain technology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004120
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... or facility operating and maintenance personnel, whether they are uniformed service personnel or contracted companies. However, many are also used in new procurements of systems or facilities. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Naval Facilities Engineering Command also maintain a set of technical...
Abstract
This article provides a perspective on United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) specifications, standards, handbooks, and related documents, as well as their role in the corrosion prevention and control activities in the U.S. military.
Book Chapter
Overview of Quality and the Standards, Programs, and Certifications Used in the Coatings Industry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... performed by the contracting nuclear facility, fabrication facility, or an organization representing multiple members, such as the Nuclear Utilities Procurement Issues Committee and the Nuclear Industry Assessment Committee, which represents other companies working in nuclear facilities. Quality...
Abstract
This article defines quality, quality assurance, quality control, and quality management of processes, products, and services. It describes the evolution of quality control and quality assurance in the coatings industry. The article also discusses the standards, quality programs, and certifications in the coatings industry.
Book Chapter
Metalcasting Technology and the Purchasing Process
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005188
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article describes the four basic steps of the purchasing process of cast components. These steps include defining requirements and developing a purchasing plan; requesting and evaluating bids from potential sources; selecting a source and negotiating contract terms; and carrying...
Abstract
This article describes the four basic steps of the purchasing process of cast components. These steps include defining requirements and developing a purchasing plan; requesting and evaluating bids from potential sources; selecting a source and negotiating contract terms; and carrying out the contract and pursuing continuous improvement. It provides guidance on purchasing cast components and explains specific issues and approaches that have proven to be useful in purchasing castings. The article presents a list of the most significant considerations when attempting to determine the overall cost and design requirements of a metal casting.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003440
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... management tool used to define the scope of the work, degree of success, and progress toward completion. Regulatory requirements/guidance and past experience provide starting points for test plan preparation. At minimum, data are required to provide quality control of the material being procured...
Abstract
A test plan specifies material properties to be evaluated, selects test methods, eliminates options offered by standard test methods by selecting specific specimen and test configurations, and defines success criteria. This article discusses various testing objectives that affect the execution of testing programs. The testing objectives include development of test matrices, testing standards, specimen preparation, environmental conditioning, instrumentation and data acquisition, failure modes, and data interpretation and recording.
Book Chapter
Heat Treatment Problems Associated with Design and Steel Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005941
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... = 1.68 ( 100 − V c − V a ) + V a ( − 4.64 + 2.21 C ) Design factors Alloy procurement Specify surface condition (minimal decarburization and scale) Wide variation in allowable chemistries within grade Results in variations in properties...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of common heat treating problems arising due to poor part design, material incapabilities, difficult engineering requirements, incorrect heat treatment practice, and nonuniform quenching with emphasis on distortion and cracking of quenched and tempered steels. It provides useful information on selection of steels for heat treatment, and discusses the causes of residual stresses, distortion (size and shape), and size changes due to hardening and tempering. The article elucidates the control techniques for such distortions. It describes the importance of decarburizing, and discusses the problems caused by heating, cracking, quenching, typical steel grades, and design.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of America and ASM International) and a comprehensive booklet has been published on design of premium quality aluminum alloy castings ( Design and Procurement of High-Strength Structural Aluminum Castings, published by the American Foundrymen's Society, Inc.). This publication also includes general...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Book Chapter
The U.S. Air Force Approach to Aircraft Damage Tolerant Design
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002394
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... was initiated in the B-1A program, and a structural assessment of the C-5A was initiated using this procedure. B-1A Aircraft In the early 1970s, the U.S. Air Force began procurement of the B-1A aircraft. That aircraft was the first design that used damage tolerance as a primary method for material...
Abstract
The inclusion of damage tolerance design and a systematic review of design procedures allow the U.S. Air Force to design, manufacture, and maintain systems that are structurally safe and economically prudent. After a brief introduction of fracture mechanics, this article describes the particular aspects that relate to damage tolerance in aircraft design. It discusses the use of fracture mechanics as a method of predicting failure, understanding failure mechanisms, and suggesting inspection methods to protect against failure in pressure vessels. Various programs of U.S. Air Force to design aircraft structure, namely, airframe structural integrity programs, engine structural integrity program, and mechanical subsystems structural integrity program are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Alloy Design for Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006970
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... reduce costs associated with limited production runs for die casting procurement ( Ref 11 ) as well as replace magnesium parts in applications where they suffer from severe corrosion issues ( Ref 12 ). Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Design Approach The integrated computational...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained increased significance and has been adopted across many industries for various applications. Specific net-shape AM fabrication methods, such as laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF), have matured significantly, leading to aerospace sector R&D focused on the feasibility of using flagship alloys to manufacture complex components. This article presents one example of an aluminum alloy design tailored for laser powder-bed fusion AM. It discusses the integrated computational materials engineering design approach. The article also presents the design for high-strength, high-temperature aluminum alloys.
Book Chapter
Shop and Field Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... testing concrete dry film thickness field quality control greases hardness intercoat contamination lamination pinholes quality assurance quality documentation quality planning shop quality control surface preparation wood IT IS COMMON to encounter contract or specification requirements...
Abstract
This article discusses the concepts of quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA), and clarifies the differences and similarities in the roles and responsibilities of QC and QA personnel. It describes the inspection procedures used to verify proper surface preparation and installation of the protective coating/lining system. Prior to beginning surface-preparation operations, many specifications will require a presurface-preparation inspection to verify the correction of fabrication defects and removal of surface contamination such as grease, oil, cutting compounds, lubricants, and chemical contaminants. When inspecting concrete prior to coating installation, three areas of concern exist: surface roughness, moisture content in concrete, and acidity/alkalinity of the surface. The article provides information on the industry standards for assessing surface cleanliness. It details postcoating application quality requirements, including measuring of dry-film thickness, assessing intercoat cleanliness, verifying minimum and maximum recoat intervals, performing holiday/pinhole detection, conducting cure/hardness testing, and assessing adhesion of the applied coating system.
Book Chapter
High-Temperature Applications
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... In late 1978, GEAE conducted design studies that indicated a 30% cost and weight savings of a hybrid composite swirl frame versus a brazed metal frame. In 1979, GEAE was awarded an Army contract (DDAK51-79- C0018) to fabricate and test three composite metal hybrid swirl frames for the T700 engine ( Ref 24...
Abstract
High-temperature-resistant polymers are used in aerospace, electronic, and other applications that demand outstanding elevated-temperature physical and mechanical properties. This article discusses the general characteristics of condensation-type polyimides and polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) polyimides. It provides information on the applications of PMR-15 with illustrations.
Book Chapter
Qualification Testing for Coating System Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... program. The AASHTO NTPEP tests products used throughout the U.S. bridge ( Fig. 2 ) and highway system, including structural steel coatings. Since the program inception in the late 1990s, dozens of coating systems have been tested. Briefly, coating manufacturers contract with AASHTO and submit candidate...
Abstract
Independent verification of coating system performance can be based on laboratory testing and/or field exposure. Qualification testing is a critical component to coating system selection. This article focuses on performance evaluations that are used to prequalify coating systems, namely, facility-specific, industry-specific, coating-type-specific, or a combination of these. It describes the standard laboratory tests used to generate performance data, namely, physical, compositional, chemical exposure, and application characteristics tests. The pros and cons of using manufacturer-generated data versus independently generated data are discussed. The article provides information on accelerated corrosion/weathering testing and nuclear level 1/level 2 service coatings qualification. It also describes the procedures for establishing minimum performance requirements and for determining when requalification testing may be required.
Book Chapter
Business and Adoption of Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... technology. The AM team will look different, depending on what part of the AM application the organization is focused on. For example, a service bureau, which is an AM contract manufacturer, will require a team with deep expertise in making and delivering quality parts and will benefit from a strong team...
Abstract
This article reviews business cases for additive manufacturing (AM) and offers suggestions on monetizing the flexibility created by AM through a deep understanding of the most applicable cost drivers. It also reviews the common adoption drivers for AM and provides suggestions on how to take advantage of them. The AM maturity model breaks down potential additively manufactured products into five levels: preproduction, production influence, substitution, functional designs, and multifunctional. The business value of these levels is further described and evaluated with respect to the triple constraint of project management. The article then focuses on success factors for implementing AM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... corrode much faster and preferentially, thus compromising the joint. Aging Systems Corrosion of military equipment and facilities is an ongoing problem that exacerbates with time and becomes more significant in yearly costs to protect the assets, affecting new procurement and maintenance. The DoD...
Abstract
This article reviews corrosion problems in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and discusses management and maintenance aspects of the practices that address the cost and readiness. It describes the plans to institute corrosion prevention and control strategies under DoD directives in engineering design, material selection, and fabrication processes for new acquisitions. The article also suggests a long-term strategy to reduce the cost of corrosion control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002484
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... with which designers should be familiar. It also reviews methods used by foundries to produce high-integrity castings. Specification of casting quality levels should be based on solid knowledge of the effect of casting discontinuities and on component testing. Procurement of high-quality castings requires...
Abstract
Casting offers the cost advantages over other manufacturing methods for most components. This article reviews the aspects of castings with which designers should be familiar, as well as the methods used by foundries to produce high-integrity castings. It discusses the design concepts that designers and foundries can use to obtain maximum performance from cast parts. The article describes the effects of casting discontinuities on properties, including porosity, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects. A discussion on hot isostatic pressing treatment of castings is also provided. The article concludes with information on solidification simulation and its use in designing castings.
Book Chapter
Binder Jetting and Sintering in Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
..., and is low volume, each of which point to the advantages of AM. In other words, AM has the opportunity to lower the cost by providing customization and complexity at no additional cost and lower production time by eliminating the billet procurement step (AM machines always have the right size billet...
Abstract
This article focuses on binder-jetting technologies in additive manufacturing (AM) that produce metal artifacts either directly or indirectly. The intent is to focus on the most strategic and widespread uses of the binder jetting technology and review some of the challenges and opportunities for that technology. The discussion includes a historical overview and covers the major steps involved and the advantages of using the binder jetting process. The major steps of the process covered include printing, curing, de-powdering, and sintering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
..., and rust scale can be justified by the expected increase in the life of the coating system. Where these forms of rust are a problem, the contracting parties should come to an agreement on the extent of removal, because there is no requirement for removal in the SSPC/NACE International surface-preparation...
Abstract
This article reviews the steps involved in presurface-preparation inspection: substrate replacement; removal of weld spatter, rounding of sharp edges, and grinding of slivers/laminations; and removal of rust scale, grease, oil, and chemical (soluble salt) contamination. It focuses on surface preparation methods that range from simple solvent cleaning to hand and power tool cleaning, dry and wet abrasive blast cleaning, centrifugal wheel blast cleaning, chemical stripping, and waterjetting for the application of the coating system. In addition, the article provides a description of the Society for Protective Coatings' (SSPC) standards and NACE International standards as well as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) guidelines for surface cleanliness.
Book Chapter
Thermal Spray Coatings for Friction and Wear Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and, in individual cases, up to more than 3 mm. The thickness is limited by the internal stress produced by material contraction and the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients of coating and substrate material. Appropriate heat treatments are used to reduce residual stress. Coating Manufacture Depending...
Abstract
This article describes the technology of thermal spraying with regard to tribological applications. It introduces the basics of tribology and presents the fundamentals of thermal spraying and the relevant process variants and suitable materials. Specific application areas are described regarding the different forms of elementary movement in the corresponding tribological system. The article provides an overview of thermal spray coatings and possible uses for friction and wear control, besides operating as corrosion protection and a thermal barrier. The article provides examples that illustrate how tribological performance can be improved.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006072
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of the structure due to salt spray. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. Expansion Joints Expansion joints in the bridge deck, allowing for expansion/contraction of the deck structure due to temperature changes, often leak and allow moisture, dirt, and debris to fall on the steel or concrete below. These areas...
Abstract
This article provides a basic overview of bridge corrosion, where it occurs on steel and concrete bridge structures, and how to prevent corrosion by using coatings. It describes types of bridge designs, with illustrations, and presents information on how corrosion occurs in different bridge zones and areas, with illustrations. The article concludes with a discussion on the common methods of coating systems applications on bridge structures and key elements in coating condition assessment.
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