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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Uranium is a moderately strong and ductile metal that can be cast, formed, and welded by a variety of standard methods. This article presents an overview of the processing and properties of uranium and uranium alloys with a brief overview of the principal hazards and precautions...
Abstract
Uranium is a moderately strong and ductile metal that can be cast, formed, and welded by a variety of standard methods. This article presents an overview of the processing and properties of uranium and uranium alloys with a brief overview of the principal hazards and precautions associated with processing depleted uranium and methods to control mild radioactivity, chemical toxicity, and pyrophoricity. It also describes the classification and heat treatment of uranium and uranium alloys. Furthermore, the article provides graphical representation of the effect of alloy composition, cooling rate, and aging temperature on microstructure, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of uranium and uranium alloys.
Book Chapter
Very High Density Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003166
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... density materials: depleted uranium and tungsten and their alloys. applications depleted uranium design considerations health considerations mechanical properties metallurgy processing tungsten tungsten alloys uranium alloys very high density metals VERY HIGH DENSITY METALS are used...
Abstract
Very high density materials are used for such applications as counterweights and radiation shields. This article focuses on the metallurgy, processing, properties, fabrication, design considerations, health and safety considerations, and applications of the most commonly used very high density materials: depleted uranium and tungsten and their alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Uranium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... be heat treated to hardnesses ranging from approximately 92 HRB to 55 HRC. Metallography is a useful tool for quality assurance, failure analysis, and understanding the effects of processing on the properties of uranium and its alloys. Natural uranium consists of two primary isotopes: U 235 (0.7...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of physical metallurgy and metallography of depleted uranium. It describes the techniques involved in the preparation of thin foils for transmission electron microscopy and illustrates the resulting microstructure of uranium and uranium alloys, with the aid of black and white images. The article also provides information on the applications of etching and examination of uranium alloys, at both macro and micro scales, in characterizing the grain structures, segregation patterns, inclusions, and the metal flow geometries produced by solidification and mechanical working processes.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Uranium and Uranium Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003828
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
...-temperature oxidation of uranium alloys is observed in hot processing of these metals and, of course, in conditions where the alloys are exposed in fires. The high-temperature oxidation of uranium alloys is reviewed by Cathcart ( Ref 70 ). As in atmospheric oxidation, the growth of scales on uranium alloys...
Abstract
This article reviews general corrosion of uranium and its alloys under atmospheric and aqueous exposure as well as with gaseous environments. It describes the dependence of uranium and uranium alloy corrosion on microstructure, alloying, solution chemistry, and temperature as well as galvanic interactions between uranium, its alloys, and other metals. The article provides information on the atmospheric corrosion of uranium based on oxidation in dry air or oxygen, water vapor, and oxygen-water vapor mixtures depending upon particular storage conditions. The mechanism and morphology of hydride corrosion of uranium are discussed. The article provides information on environmentally assisted cracking, protective coatings, and surface modification of uranium and its alloys. It also summarizes the environmental, safety, and health considerations for their use.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... Abstract Heat treatment of depleted uranium (DU) alloys with 4.0 wt% or more molybdenum or equivalent is similar to that of dilute alloys. This article discusses the metallurgical characteristics and processing considerations of DU and its alloys, and describes the control of grain size...
Abstract
Heat treatment of depleted uranium (DU) alloys with 4.0 wt% or more molybdenum or equivalent is similar to that of dilute alloys. This article discusses the metallurgical characteristics and processing considerations of DU and its alloys, and describes the control of grain size and orientation using beta treatment. It lists the typical mechanical properties of DU as functions of the amount of cold work and hardness data of uranium rod, and describes the annealing of cold-worked DU. The article also describes the heat treatment of dilute alloys of DU, focusing on the three basic furnace designs used for heating or heat treating of unalloyed uranium: molten salt baths, inert-atmosphere furnaces, and vacuum furnaces. Finally, it presents procedures that are examples of heat treatment used to meet certain specifications of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... time, tool wear, and fire danger are significantly decreased ( Ref 8 ). Tool Wear and Types of Tools From a machining standpoint, uranium and its alloys are generally tough, soft, and gummy (adherent), although some alloys can be quite hard, depending on the metallurgical processing ( Ref 18...
Abstract
This article focuses on the basic metallurgy and machining parameters of classes of depleted and enriched uranium alloys. It provides information on the health precautions applicable to the machining of depleted uranium alloys. The article also discusses tool wear and the types of tools used in uranium alloy machining.
Book Chapter
Nuclear Industry Applications for Thermal Spray
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005711
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... uranium and plutonium alloys during fuel fabrication processing. Highly stable oxide ceramics such as Y 2 O 3 and Er 2 O 3 have been shown to have minimal reaction with the molten reactive metals and survive multiple melting operations, thereby outperforming thinner slurry-applied coatings. An example...
Abstract
Nuclear power plants benefit from thermal spray coatings for corrosion and erosion minimization and dimensional restoration of worn parts. This article provides a detailed discussion on the advantages of thermal spray coatings, fission reactor component coatings, and coatings for nuclear fuel processing before and after irradiation for power plant applications. Nuclear fusion research is divided into two primary fields of study categorized by the method for confining the fusion fuel: magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... between segments of the crucible. Later, the Duriron Company further developed the process and, in particular, the crucible design to allow the slag-free melting of highly reactive metals and alloys in what is now referred to as the induction skull melting (ISM) furnace. Induction skull melting has...
Abstract
Skull melting refers to the use of furnaces with water-cooled crucibles that freeze a solid “skull” of material on the crucible wall. This article describes the basic components, operating pressure, advantages, and applications of vacuum arc and induction skull melting furnaces.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001744
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... reactions, such as a follow-up reaction, coupled to the electron transfer. Many of the analytical methods of controlled-potential coulometry are based on such reactions; examples are the procedures for vanadium and uranium. Irreversible processes require a greater difference between the control potential...
Abstract
Controlled-potential coulometry is a highly precise and accurate method primarily used for major constituent analysis of analyte substances such as alloys, compounds, nonmetallic materials and organic compounds. This article illustrates the apparatus required for controlled-potential coulometry, and provides information on its techniques and applications. It contains a table that lists the metals for which accurate methods have been developed and the basic electrochemistry of the procedures. The article explains that gold and uranium are the elements that are determined frequently in various sample types.
Book Chapter
Corrosion by Molten Nitrates, Nitrites, and Fluorides
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... (usually 2%) of the uranium present as UF 3 is advantageous insofar as corrosion and the consequences of fission are concerned. Such operation with some UF 3 present should result in the formation of an extremely dilute (and experimentally undetectable) alloy of uranium with the surface of the container...
Abstract
Molten salts, or fused salts, can cause corrosion by the solution of constituents of the container material, selective attack, pitting, electrochemical reactions, mass transport due to thermal gradients, and reaction of constituents and impurities of the molten salt with the container material. This article describes a test method performed using thermal convection loop for corrosion studies of molten salts. It discusses the purification of salts that are used in the Oak Ridge molten salt reactor experiment. The article also reviews the corrosion characteristics of nitrates/nitrites and fluoride salts with the aid of illustrations and equations.
Book Chapter
Solid-State Transformations
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... in binary phase diagrams. Peritectoid transformations are similar to peritectic transformations, except that the initial phases are both solid. An example of a peritectoid transformation is provided by the formation of the intermetallic compound U 3 Si in uranium-silicon alloys. The relevant phase diagram...
Abstract
Eutectoid and peritectoid transformations are classified as solid-state invariant transformations. This article focuses primarily on the structures from eutectoid transformations with emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It reviews peritectoid phase equilibria that are very common in several binary systems. The addition of substitutional alloying elements causes the eutectoid composition and temperature to shift in the iron-carbon system. The article graphically illustrates the effect of various substitutional alloying elements on the eutectoid transformation temperature and effective carbon content. The partitioning effect of substitutional alloying elements, such as chromium, manganese, and silicon, in pearlitic steel is also illustrated.
Book Chapter
Zirconium and Hafnium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... systems such as aluminum, copper, magnesium, refractory metal alloys, and titanium alloys as well as superalloys. Metal Processing and Fabrication Processing Zirconium and hafnium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. Zircon...
Abstract
This article discusses the general characteristics, primary and secondary fabrication methods, product forms, and corrosion resistance of zirconium and hafnium. It describes the physical metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys, providing details on allotropic transformation and anisotropy that profoundly influences the engineering properties of zirconium and its alloys. Tables listing the values for chemical composition and tensile properties for nuclear and nonnuclear grades of zirconium are also provided.
Book Chapter
Invariant Transformation Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...<xref rid="a0003734-fn1" ref-type="fn">[1]</xref> Peritectoid transformations are similar to peritectic transformations, except that the initial phases are both solid. An example of a peritectoid transformation is provided by the formation of the intermetallic compound U 3 Si in uranium-silicon alloys ( Ref 21 ). The relevant phase...
Abstract
Solid-state transformations from invariant reactions are of three types: eutectoid, peritectoid, and monotectoid transformations. This article focuses on structures from eutectoid transformations with an emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It illustrates the morphology of a pearlite nodule and the effect of various substitutional alloy elements on the eutectoid transformation temperature and effective carbon content, respectively. Peritectic and peritectoid phase equilibria are very common in several binary systems. The article reviews structures from peritectoid reactions and details the formation of peritectic structures that can occur by at least three mechanisms: peritectic reaction, peritectic transformation, and direct precipitation of beta from the melt.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., and titanium alloys and the superalloys. Metal Processing Zirconium, hafnium, and titanium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. Zircon, which is also a gemstone, is a zirconium-hafnium silicate (Zr-Hf, SiO 4 ) with a zirconium...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and titanium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. This article discusses the processing methods of these metals, namely, liquid-liquid separation process, distillation separation process, refining, and melting. It also discusses the primary and secondary fabrication of zirconium and hafnium and its alloys. The article talks about the metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys with emphasis on allotropic transformation, cold work and recrystallization, anisotropy and preferred orientation, and the role of oxygen. It concludes by providing useful information on the applications of reactor and industrial grades of zirconium alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001332
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., such as copper or aluminum, would lie near the top of this band, whereas steels, nickel alloys, or titanium would lie in the middle. Uranium and ceramics, with very low thermal diffusivities, would lie near the bottom of the band. Fig. 4 Maximum weld travel velocity as a function of heat-source...
Abstract
Welding and joining processes are essential for the development of virtually every manufactured product. This article discusses the fundamentals of fusion welding processes, with an emphasis on the underlying scientific principles. It reviews the role of energy-source intensity and the width of the heat-affected zone in fusion welding processes. The article contains figures from which the properties of any heat source can be estimated readily.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... hydrogen-induced blistering internal hydrogen internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement nickel-base alloys refractory metals stainless steels susceptibility titanium titanium alloys transition metals HYDROGEN DAMAGE is a term used to designate a number of processes in metals by which...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the classification of hydrogen damage. Some specific types of the damage are hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. The article focuses on the types of hydrogen embrittlement that occur in all the major commercial metal and alloy systems, including stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, copper and copper alloys, and transition and refractory metals. The specific types of hydrogen embrittlement discussed include internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen environment embrittlement, and hydrogen reaction embrittlement. The article describes preservice and early-service fractures of commodity-grade steel components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... reactions of hydrogen with matrix or alloy elements form high-pressure pockets of gases other than molecular hydrogen. Cracking from hydride formation Transition, rare earth, alkaline-earth metals, and their alloys (includes titanium, tantalum, zirconium, uranium, and thorium) Brittle hydrides often...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a term used to designate a number of processes in metals by which the load-carrying capacity of the metal is reduced due to the presence of hydrogen. This article introduces the general forms of hydrogen damage and provides an overview of the different types of hydrogen damage in all the major commercial alloy systems. It covers the broader topic of hydrogen damage, which can be quite complex and technical in nature. The article focuses on failure analysis where hydrogen embrittlement of a steel component is suspected. It provides practical advice for the failure analysis practitioner or for someone who is contemplating procurement of a cost-effective failure analysis of commodity-grade components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also provided.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties of Soft-Interlayer Solid-State Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005556
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... processes were reported to be comparable (40 to 50 MPa, or 5.8 to 7.3 ksi) to those of silver foils ( Ref 18 ). Tensile tests reported for silver-foil interlayers between type 304L stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy suggest that higher strengths may be achieved with coated interlayers than with foil...
Abstract
This article discusses the mechanical properties of soft-interlayer solid-state welds and the implications of these behaviors to service stress states and environments. It illustrates the microstructure of as-deposited coatings and solid-state-welded interlayers. The article reviews factors that affect the tensile loading of strength of soft-interlayer welds: the interlayer thickness, the interlayer strain, and the interlayer fabrication method. It also provides information on stress-corrosion cracking of interlayers and stress behavior of these interlayers during shear and multiaxial loading.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties of Soft-Interlayer Solid-State Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... 10.1007/BF02647306 34. Partridge P.G. and Harvey J. , “Process for the Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum Materials,” U.K. patent applications GB 2117691 A , 1983 35. Rosen R.S. , Beitscher S. , and Kassner M.E. , Stress Corrosion Cracking of Uranium-Silver...
Abstract
Soft-interlayer solid-state welds that join stronger base metals have unique mechanical properties that are of fundamental interest and may be of critical importance to designers. This article discusses the mechanical properties of soft-interlayer solid-state welds and the implications of these behaviors to service stress states and environments. It describes the tensile loading of soft-Interlayer welds in terms of the effect of interlayer thickness on stress, interlayer strain, time-dependent failure, effect of base-metal properties, and effect of interlayer fabrication method. The article concludes with a discussion on multiaxial loading.
Book Chapter
Chemical and Electrolytic Methods of Powder Production
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., copper, tungsten, and molybdenum powders from their respective oxides are well-established commercial processes. Detailed process descriptions for these oxide-reduced powders can be found in the articles “Production of Powder Metallurgy Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels” , “Production of Copper Powders...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the process descriptions, processing conditions, and processing variables of the most common chemical methods for metal powder production. These methods include oxide reduction, precipitation from solution, and thermal decomposition. Methods such as precipitation from salt solution and gas, chemical embrittlement, hydride decomposition, and thermite reactions are also discussed. The article also discusses the methods used to produce powders electrolytically and the types of metal powders produced. The physical and chemical characteristics of these powders are also reviewed.
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