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Book Chapter

Failures of Pressure Vessels

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By Roy T. King
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article discusses the effect of using unsuitable alloys, metallurgical discontinuities, fabrication practices, and stress raisers on the failure of a pressure vessel. It provides information on pressure vessels made of composite materials and their welding practices. The article...
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of using unsuitable alloys, metallurgical discontinuities, fabrication practices, and stress raisers on the failure of a pressure vessel. It provides information on pressure vessels made of composite materials and their welding practices. The article explains the failure of pressure vessels with emphasis on stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, brittle and ductile fractures, creep and stress rupture, and fatigue with examples.
View PDF for content titled, Failures of <span class="search-highlight">Pressure</span> <span class="search-highlight">Vessels</span>
Image

Fractured shell of an 865-mm (34-in.) diam pressure vessel fabricated from ...

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in Medium-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 177 Fractured shell of an 865-mm (34-in.) diam pressure vessel fabricated from a 32 by 2440 by 9145 mm (1 1 4 by 96 by 360 in.) plate of ASTM A515, grade 70, steel for pressure vessels. The shell broke during testing at an internal gage pressure of 8.3 MPa (1.2 ksi More
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View of the top segment of the fractured pressure-vessel shell in Fig. 177...

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in Medium-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 182 View of the top segment of the fractured pressure-vessel shell in Fig. 177 , showing an area just to the right of the area in Fig. 181 . Again, chevron marks are visible and consistently point to the right. 0.25× More
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View of the top segment of the fractured pressure-vessel shell in Fig. 177...

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in Medium-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 186 View of the top segment of the fractured pressure-vessel shell in Fig. 177 , showing an area of the fracture surface just to the right of the crack nucleus. Note that here the chevron marks clearly point to the left, toward the fracture origin. The crack ends at far right, where More
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Large thick-wall pressure vessel that failed because of cracking in weld HA...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Large thick-wall pressure vessel that failed because of cracking in weld HAZ. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). (b) Shattered vessel. (c) General appearance of one fracture surface; arrow points to facet at fracture origin. (d) Enlarged view of region at arrow in (c More
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Cracks in pressure vessel made of ASTM A515 carbon steel lined with type 40...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Cracks in pressure vessel made of ASTM A515 carbon steel lined with type 405 stainless steel. Failure occurred at plug welds because of dilution of weld metal. (a) Micrograph of specimen through weld area etched in acid cupric chloride showing ASTM A515 carbon steel (top), interface More
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Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by SCC because of ca...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 21 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by SCC because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Micrograph showing corrosion pits at edge of fracture surface More
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Fracture path of failed pressure vessel. The arrows indicate the direction ...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 28 Fracture path of failed pressure vessel. The arrows indicate the direction of crack propagation as determined from the chevron markings on the fracture faces. The letters identify the individual plates. More
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Contour forming of a pressure vessel head using a (a) full male die and a (...

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in Open-Die Forging > Metalworking: Bulk Forming
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 20 Contour forming of a pressure vessel head using a (a) full male die and a (b) partial male die More
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Corrosion fatigue in 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure-vessel steel in hydrogen due to hy...

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in Corrosion Fatigue Testing > Fatigue and Fracture
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 20 Corrosion fatigue in 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure-vessel steel in hydrogen due to hydrogen embrittlement at high Δ K and to reduced oxide-induced closure at low Δ K. Stress ration = 0.05. Source: S. Suresh and R.O. Ritchie, Metals Science , Vol. 16, 1982, p 529–538 More
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Boring, turning, and facing a 55 × 10 3 kg (60 ton) steel pressure vessel....

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in Boring > Machining
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 4 Boring, turning, and facing a 55 × 10 3 kg (60 ton) steel pressure vessel. Dimensions in figure given in inches Operating conditions for boring Workpiece hardness, HB 165–170 Speed, roughing and finishing, at 20 rev/min, m/min (sfm) 89.3 (293) Feed, mm/rev (in./rev More
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Atom map of the solute distribution in a neutron-irradiated pressure vessel...

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in Three-Dimensional Microscopy > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 33 Atom map of the solute distribution in a neutron-irradiated pressure vessel steel in which each sphere represents the position of an individual atom. The iron atoms are omitted for clarity. Three nanometer-sized copper-enriched precipitates are visible on either side of a lath boundary More
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Pressure vessel cast upright

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in Shape Casting of Steel > Casting
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 16 Pressure vessel cast upright More
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Natural acoustic emission burst-type signal in steel pressure vessel record...

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in Acoustic Emission Inspection > Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 7 Natural acoustic emission burst-type signal in steel pressure vessel recorded using a 150 kHz resonance sensor More
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(a) Large thick-walled pressure vessel that failed because of cracking in w...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping > Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 28 (a) Large thick-walled pressure vessel that failed because of cracking in weld heat-affected zone (dimensions given in inches). (b) Shattered vessel. (c) General appearance of one fracture surface; arrow points to facet at fracture origin. (d) Enlarged view of region at arrow in (c More
Image

Cracks in pressure vessel made of ASTM A515 carbon steel lined with type 40...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping > Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 29 Cracks in pressure vessel made of ASTM A515 carbon steel lined with type 405 stainless steel. Failure occurred at plug welds because of dilution of weld metal. (a) Micrograph of specimen through weld area etched in acid cupric chloride showing ASTM A515 carbon steel (top), interface More
Image

Fracture path of failed pressure vessel. The arrows indicate the direction ...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping > Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 45 Fracture path of failed pressure vessel. The arrows indicate the direction of crack propagation as determined from the chevron markings on the fracture faces. The letters identify the individual plates More
Image

Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by stress-corrosion ...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping > Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 85 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by stress-corrosion cracking because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support (dimensions given in inches). (b) Corrosion pits at edge of fracture More
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Corrosion fatigue in 2.25Cr-lMo pressure vessel steel in dry hydrogen at 23...

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in Evaluating Corrosion Fatigue > Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 19 Corrosion fatigue in 2.25Cr-lMo pressure vessel steel in dry hydrogen at 23 °C (73 °F) due to hydrogen embrittlement at high Δ K and to reduced oxide-induced closure at low Δ K . Stress ratio: R = 0.05. RH, relative humidity. Source: Ref 66 More
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Fracture in a welded pressure vessel of 4340 steel displaying a flat origin...

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in Principles and Procedures of Fractography > Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 12 Fracture in a welded pressure vessel of 4340 steel displaying a flat origin at the top with a shear lip beginning on either side of it. The shear lip increases in width with increasing distance from the origin. The radial marks below the origin and the chevron patterns to the left More