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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006034
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Powder metallurgy compacting presses usually are mechanically or hydraulically driven, but they can incorporate a combination of mechanically, hydraulically, and pneumatically driven systems. This article provides a comparison of mechanical and hydraulic presses based on the cost...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy compacting presses usually are mechanically or hydraulically driven, but they can incorporate a combination of mechanically, hydraulically, and pneumatically driven systems. This article provides a comparison of mechanical and hydraulic presses based on the cost, production rate, and machine overload protection. The article lists the classification of powder metallurgy parts based on complexity of shapes as suggested by the Metal Powder Industries Federation, such as Class I parts, Class II parts, Class III parts, and Class IV parts. It describes rigid tooling compaction and details the powder-fill ratio considerations for these classes. The article elaborates on the types of tooling systems and presses used for these classes. Some important factors and components used in designing a tool are also described. Finally, the article considers tool materials, including punches, core rods, and punch clamp rings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article describes the various types of press construction and the factors that influence the selection of mechanically or hydraulically powered machines for producing parts from sheet metal. Presses are broadly classified, according to the type of frame used in their construction...
Abstract
This article describes the various types of press construction and the factors that influence the selection of mechanically or hydraulically powered machines for producing parts from sheet metal. Presses are broadly classified, according to the type of frame used in their construction, into two main groups: gap-frame presses and straight-side presses. The article describes the various components of mechanical presses and hydraulic presses. It discusses important factors, such as the size, force, energy, and speed requirements, that influence the selection of a press. The article describes the roles of automatic handling equipment that can be categorized as feeding equipment, unloading equipment, and transfer equipment. It concludes with information on the common types of high-production presses, such as dieing machines, multiple-slide machines, transfer presses, fine blanking presses, and flexible-die forming presses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003973
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., and computer-controlled hammers. It describes the three basic designs of high-energy-rate forging (HERF) machines: the ram and inner frame, two-ram, and controlled energy flow. The article reviews forging mechanical presses, hydraulic presses, drive presses, screw presses, and multiple-ram presses...
Abstract
Hammers and high-energy-rate forging machines are classified as energy-restricted machines as they deform the workpiece by the kinetic energy of the hammer ram. This article provides information on gravity-drop hammers, power-drop hammers, die forger hammers, counterblow hammers, and computer-controlled hammers. It describes the three basic designs of high-energy-rate forging (HERF) machines: the ram and inner frame, two-ram, and controlled energy flow. The article reviews forging mechanical presses, hydraulic presses, drive presses, screw presses, and multiple-ram presses.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003979
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... close-tolerance forgings conventional forgings friction hammers heating equipment lubrication presses shape complexity trimming CLOSED-DIE FORGING, or impression-die forging, is the shaping of hot metal completely within the walls or cavities of two dies that come together to enclose...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the capabilities of closed-die forging. One of the most important aspects of closed-die forging is proper design of preforming operations and of blocker dies to achieve adequate metal distribution. The article describes the effects of friction and lubrication in forging. It discusses the types of closed-die forgings, namely, blocker-type, conventional, and close-tolerance. The article illustrates the classification of forging shapes and explains how to predict the forging pressure and the control of die temperature during closed-die forging. It explains the use of heating equipment for closed-die forging and tabulates the maximum safe forging temperatures for carbon and alloy steels. The article concludes with a discussion on a trimming method used for closed-die forgings.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Schematic of THT Presses' Subliquidus Casting (SLC) process. Source: Ref 3
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Four types of drive-and-clutch arrangements for mechanical presses
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Operating principles of various drive systems for mechanical presses
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 7 Two basic designs of screw presses. (a) Friction-drive press. (b) Direct-electric-drive press
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Mounting presses vary from a simple laboratory manual device (a) to a fully automated press (b)
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 13 Wet magnetic compaction. (a) Force-time diagram for magnet presses. (b) Schematic of press tool for chamber-filling method designed for withdrawal operation
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Four types of gap-frame presses. (a) Open-back inclinable. (b) Bench press. (c) Adjustable-bed stationary. (d) Open-back stationary
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 14 Four types of drive and clutch arrangements for mechanical presses. (a) Nongeared (or flywheel) drive. (b) Single-reduction, single-gear drive; clutch in gear. (c) Single-reduction, twin-gear drive; clutch on driveshaft. (d) Multiple-reduction, twin-gear drive; clutch on intermediate
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 15 Operating principles of various drive systems for mechanical presses
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 17 Typical operations of single-action hydraulic presses. In addition to these basic operations, many others can be performed in single-action presses with special adaptions and designs.
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 17 Schematic of drive systems for hydraulic presses. (a) Direct drive. (b) Accumulator drive.
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 13 Representation of slide velocities for mechanical and screw presses in forming a thick and a thin part ( V b , V e , velocity at the beginning and end of forming, respectively)
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article commences with a description of the four basic types of feeding arrangements, namely, hand feeding, hitch feeds, roll feeds, and slide feeds. Air feeds offer the utility of use with a wide variety of presses and machines. The article discusses the mounting and actuation...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the four basic types of feeding arrangements, namely, hand feeding, hitch feeds, roll feeds, and slide feeds. Air feeds offer the utility of use with a wide variety of presses and machines. The article discusses the mounting and actuation of the air feeds, which allows automatic feeding in machinery that is not normally adaptable to the use of standard feeds. Automatic press feeds are used to improve production and provide uniform, accurate progressions. The article describes the accuracy control techniques for the automatic press feeds and concludes with information on air circuits for the air feeds.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract Press brakes are a common and versatile type of equipment for bending metal by delivering an accurate vertical force in a confined longitudinal area. This article begins with a discussion on the design, widening methods, and types of materials used in press brakes. It focuses...
Abstract
Press brakes are a common and versatile type of equipment for bending metal by delivering an accurate vertical force in a confined longitudinal area. This article begins with a discussion on the design, widening methods, and types of materials used in press brakes. It focuses on the two basic drive systems used in operating press brakes, namely, mechanical and hydraulic drive systems. The article also provides an outline on the tooling associated with press-brakes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Press quenching is a specialized quenching technique that can be utilized during heat treatment to minimize distortion of complex geometrical components by using specialized tooling for generating concentrated forces that constrain the movement of the component in a carefully...
Abstract
Press quenching is a specialized quenching technique that can be utilized during heat treatment to minimize distortion of complex geometrical components by using specialized tooling for generating concentrated forces that constrain the movement of the component in a carefully controlled manner. This article provides a detailed account of the fundamental components of quenching machines, including the upright machine section, control panel, lower die table, tooling, and the base. In addition, it summarizes the critical factors affecting component distortion during press-quenching.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article describes the unique aspects of cold isostatic pressing (CIP) in comparison with die compaction, for powder metallurgy parts. It details the components of CIP equipment, including pressure vessels, pressure generators, and tooling material. The article reviews the part...
Abstract
This article describes the unique aspects of cold isostatic pressing (CIP) in comparison with die compaction, for powder metallurgy parts. It details the components of CIP equipment, including pressure vessels, pressure generators, and tooling material. The article reviews the part shapes and their influence in determining tap density of the filled mold. It provides a discussion on process parameters, such as dwell time, depressurization rate, evaluation of green strength and density, and thermal processing, and illustrates a process flowchart for the production of CIP parts.
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