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Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
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Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
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Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
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Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003408
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article reviews the history of prepreg and ply cutting technologies and outlines the options available for creating the necessary data and for nesting, cutting, and kitting the plies. It discusses the ways in which these steps influence the workflow for various applications...
Abstract
This article reviews the history of prepreg and ply cutting technologies and outlines the options available for creating the necessary data and for nesting, cutting, and kitting the plies. It discusses the ways in which these steps influence the workflow for various applications. The characteristics of prepreg and ply cutting methods are presented in a table.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract The prepreg hand lay-up process is a versatile, reliable, cost-effective, and high quality process for fabricating large or small components. This article discusses the technique characteristics and applications of the process. It describes the stages involved in the process of lay-up...
Abstract
The prepreg hand lay-up process is a versatile, reliable, cost-effective, and high quality process for fabricating large or small components. This article discusses the technique characteristics and applications of the process. It describes the stages involved in the process of lay-up, namely, lay-up definition, ply-kit cutting, layup, debulking, and preparation for curing. The article concludes with a discussion on the component properties and design guidelines of the prepreg hand lay-up process.
Image
Polished uncured prepreg materials that were made with different prepreg pr...
Available to Purchase
in Special Sample Preparation and Polishing for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Polished uncured prepreg materials that were made with different prepreg processing conditions. Bright-field illumination, 25× objective
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Book Chapter
Fabrics and Preforms
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... reinforced fabrics; hybrid fabrics; woven fabric prepregs; unidirectional and multidirectional tape prepregs; and the prepreg tow. The article discusses three major categories of tape manufacturing processes, namely, the hand lay-up, machine-cut patterns that are laid up by hand, and the automatic machine...
Abstract
This article describes the types of fabrics and preforms used in the manufacture of advanced composites and related selection, design, manufacturing, and performance considerations. The types of fabrics and preforms include unidirectional and two-directional fabrics; multidirectionally reinforced fabrics; hybrid fabrics; woven fabric prepregs; unidirectional and multidirectional tape prepregs; and the prepreg tow. The article discusses three major categories of tape manufacturing processes, namely, the hand lay-up, machine-cut patterns that are laid up by hand, and the automatic machine lay-up. It provides a description of the two classes of prepregs. These include those that are suitable for high-performance applications and suitable for lower-performance molding compounds.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to control the rate of reaction. The article describes the component material tests, mixed resin system tests, and prepreg tests for the resin system. These tests include high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The article contains a table that lists...
Abstract
This article focuses on epoxy because this resin category has widespread use and because it is tested using quality control measures typical of most resin systems. It explains that a typical resin system will consist of one or more epoxy resins, a curing agent, and a catalyst to control the rate of reaction. The article describes the component material tests, mixed resin system tests, and prepreg tests for the resin system. These tests include high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The article contains a table that lists typical resin and prepreg property tests.
Book Chapter
Special Sample Preparation and Polishing for Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis. boron fiber composites grinding mounting optical analysis polishing prepreg materials sample preparation sectioning titanium honeycomb composites titanium/polymeric composite hybrids METHODS AND MATERIALS most commonly used...
Abstract
This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... (randomly oriented, continuous or discontinuous reinforcement at a volume fraction typically in the range 0.1 to 0.3, reinforcement partly or completely impregnated) Prepreg (short for preimpregnated reinforcement; oriented and usually continuous reinforcement at a volume fraction up to 0.6...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of thermoplastic composites and its material forms. It presents the steps and considerations in manufacturing the thermoplastic composites. The article describes the various techniques of manufacturing, such as consolidation, autoclave molding, diaphragm forming, compression molding, roll forming, bladder molding, liquid molding, filament winding, and pultrusion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... This article describes the optical microscopy and bright-field illumination techniques involved in analyzing ply terminations, prepreg plies, splices, and fiber orientation to provide the insight necessary for optimizing composite structure and performance. bright-field illumination composite materials...
Abstract
Analyzing the structure of composite materials is essential for understanding how the part will perform in service. Assessing fiber volume variations, void content, ply orientation variability, and foreign object inclusions helps in preventing degradation of composite performance. This article describes the optical microscopy and bright-field illumination techniques involved in analyzing ply terminations, prepreg plies, splices, and fiber orientation to provide the insight necessary for optimizing composite structure and performance.
Book Chapter
Analysis of Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Structure Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... geometric structure of a beehive, the honeycomb core imparts strength and light weight to sandwich panels, while supporting the prepreg skins. The honeycomb sandwich structure composite has high compressive strength in the direction of the cell walls and high shear strength in the plane perpendicular...
Abstract
Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This article illustrates an area of a honeycomb-cored sandwich structure composite cross section that is viewed using transmitted polarized light. This area shows the differences in the constituents and resin intermingling. The article discusses the factors that govern the honeycomb core movement and honeycomb core crush, with illustrations. Some common tests performed on honeycomb composites to characterize the skin-to-core bond strength are the climbing drum peel and flatwise tensile tests. The article concludes with a description on the reasons for core failure, which are analyzed after these tests.
Book Chapter
Void Analysis of Composite Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... ( Ref 7 ). It is commonly found that water in the formulation is the volatile compound that produces voids in the composite part. It has been shown that as-received epoxy resins contain between 0.3 and 0.7 wt% water ( Ref 8 ). Furthermore, many prepreg-matrix formulations rapidly absorb moisture from...
Abstract
Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
Book Chapter
Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... made from carbon-black-filled epoxy resin and chopped glass fiber. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph montage. (b) Quasi-isotropic unidirectional prepreg laminate. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 5× objective, montage. (c) 3k-70 woven carbon fabric laminate. Bright-field illumination...
Abstract
This article illustrates the polymer matrices used for composite materials. It describes the use of prepeg materials in manufacturing high-performance composites. The article discusses the various infusion processes for the development of fiber-reinforced composites, namely, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and resin film infusion. It explains the composite- and matrix-toughening methods for fiber-reinforced composites, such as dispersed-phase toughening and interlayer toughening. The article concludes with information on optical microscopy, which provides an insight into the micro- and macrostructure of fiber-reinforced composites.
Image
Typical thermogravimetric analysis curve for fiberglass-vinyl ester prepreg...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 11 Typical thermogravimetric analysis curve for fiberglass-vinyl ester prepreg
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Image
Typical thermomechanical analysis curve for a fiberglass-polyester prepreg,...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 20 Typical thermomechanical analysis curve for a fiberglass-polyester prepreg, 2 mm (0.08 in), 10 °C/min (18 °F/min). CTE, coefficient of thermal expansion
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Image
Typical thermogravimetric analysis curve for fiberglass-vinyl ester prepreg...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 11 Typical thermogravimetric analysis curve for fiberglass-vinyl ester prepregs
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Image
Cross section of uncured prepreg material showing unimpregnated areas (dark...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Cross section of uncured prepreg material showing unimpregnated areas (dark) and impregnated areas (gray). Bright-field illumination, 25× objective
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Image
Cross section of a carbon fiber prepreg skin-film adhesive co-cured honeyco...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 Cross section of a carbon fiber prepreg skin-film adhesive co-cured honeycomb composite showing two fillet regions. A few voids are shown in the adhesive areas. Bright-field illumination montage, 5× objective
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Image
Polished stack of prepreg that was bonded with “5 min epoxy” and then stage...
Available to Purchase
in Special Sample Preparation and Polishing for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 12 Polished stack of prepreg that was bonded with “5 min epoxy” and then staged in an oven at 60 °C (140 °F) for 2 weeks. This micrograph is of 4 1 2 plies of polished prepreg taken from the 20-ply mount. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective
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Image
Composite part made from unidirectional prepreg showing a large quantity of...
Available to Purchase
in Viewing Composite Specimens Using Reflected Light Microscopy[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 3 Composite part made from unidirectional prepreg showing a large quantity of voids in the cured structure. Bright-field illumination, 5× objective
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Image
Cross section of a composite part made with glass fabric prepreg and two un...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Cross section of a composite part made with glass fabric prepreg and two unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg materials having different thicknesses (areal weights) and fiber types. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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Image
Laminate made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg and woven carbon fab...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 2 Laminate made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg and woven carbon fabric prepreg plies. Voids are shown in the woven fabric area at the bottom of the composite part that was against the tool surface during cure. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph
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