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prepreg materials
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in Special Sample Preparation and Polishing for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Polished uncured prepreg materials that were made with different prepreg processing conditions. Bright-field illumination, 25× objective
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Cross section of uncured prepreg material showing unimpregnated areas (dark) and impregnated areas (gray). Bright-field illumination, 25× objective
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis. boron fiber composites grinding mounting optical analysis polishing prepreg materials sample preparation sectioning titanium honeycomb composites titanium/polymeric composite hybrids METHODS AND MATERIALS most commonly used...
Abstract
This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... This article describes the optical microscopy and bright-field illumination techniques involved in analyzing ply terminations, prepreg plies, splices, and fiber orientation to provide the insight necessary for optimizing composite structure and performance. bright-field illumination composite materials...
Abstract
Analyzing the structure of composite materials is essential for understanding how the part will perform in service. Assessing fiber volume variations, void content, ply orientation variability, and foreign object inclusions helps in preventing degradation of composite performance. This article describes the optical microscopy and bright-field illumination techniques involved in analyzing ply terminations, prepreg plies, splices, and fiber orientation to provide the insight necessary for optimizing composite structure and performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of prepreg materials, automated tape lay-up of prepreg materials, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, resin film infusion, wet lay-up, filament winding, pultrusion, and compression molding of sheet molding or bulk molding compound. While these processes are general in description...
Abstract
This article illustrates the polymer matrices used for composite materials. It describes the use of prepeg materials in manufacturing high-performance composites. The article discusses the various infusion processes for the development of fiber-reinforced composites, namely, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and resin film infusion. It explains the composite- and matrix-toughening methods for fiber-reinforced composites, such as dispersed-phase toughening and interlayer toughening. The article concludes with information on optical microscopy, which provides an insight into the micro- and macrostructure of fiber-reinforced composites.
Image
in Viewing Composite Specimens Using Reflected Light Microscopy[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
prepreg material combinations (glass fabric prepreg and carbon fiber prepreg), and the number of plies. Bright-field illumination, 5× objective
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Cross section of a composite part made with glass fabric prepreg and two unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg materials having different thicknesses (areal weights) and fiber types. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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Image
in Nondestructive Analysis and Quality Control of Polymer-Matrix Composites
> Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 8 Orientation for viewing the part from the surface to be tooled inward through its thickness as viewed from the inside. A table is frequently supplied to describe ply number, orientation, and prepreg material.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Micrograph of a composite part made with two unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg materials having different thicknesses (areal weights) and fiber types. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in the formulation stage or during the processing of prepreg materials ( Fig. 1 ) ( Ref 10 ). These volatile materials are difficult to completely remove and, in many cases, cause voids in the cured parts. Fig. 1 Glass fabric composite that has high void content. Void areas are due to residual solvent from...
Abstract
Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... cylindrical tapered tubes TUBE ROLLING is the most widely used method of producing composite tubular parts that require high strength-to-weight properties as well as high production capabilities. The tube rolling process utilizes prepreg materials having accurate resin content, which are produced on very...
Abstract
This article describes processes and equipment that are used to produce composite tubular parts. The processes include sheeting, pattern cutting, tube rolling, shrink tape debulking, and finishing. The article provides a discussion on materials that are most suitable for tube rolling: preimpregnated materials and unidirectional tapes. The article also discusses wrapping techniques of cylindrical and tapered tubes, such as convolute and spiral wrapping.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., it is either cleaned or discarded. Requirements should be established concerning cleaning, frequency of changing, and storage of protective clothing. Protective gloves are worn when handling prepregs, adhesives, or precured details that will be bonded. The following materials or procedures are generally...
Abstract
In-process inspection during composite material lay-up is essential if the structural, dimensional, and environmental performance designed into a part is to be consistently achieved. This article discusses the requirements to be met by the facilities and equipment to produce high-quality composites. It reviews the procedures that are allowed and prohibited in controlled-contamination areas of lay-up. The article emphasizes significant areas, such as material control and lay-up process, in which quality-control personnel can be effective in preventing production problems. It concludes with a discussion on automated tape laying and fiber placement, as well as the numerically aided lay-up process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... to the vacuum debulking and compaction procedure. This increases the propensity for voids, especially in the fillet areas where the core may be under vacuum and there is very little compaction pressure. The use of solvent-manufactured prepreg materials is even more susceptible to void formation, because...
Abstract
Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This article illustrates an area of a honeycomb-cored sandwich structure composite cross section that is viewed using transmitted polarized light. This area shows the differences in the constituents and resin intermingling. The article discusses the factors that govern the honeycomb core movement and honeycomb core crush, with illustrations. Some common tests performed on honeycomb composites to characterize the skin-to-core bond strength are the climbing drum peel and flatwise tensile tests. The article concludes with a description on the reasons for core failure, which are analyzed after these tests.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract Composite tooling is the making of tools from composite materials. This article focuses on wet lay-up methods and techniques that are used to fabricate prepreg tooling. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of composite tools. The article describes the process considerations...
Abstract
Composite tooling is the making of tools from composite materials. This article focuses on wet lay-up methods and techniques that are used to fabricate prepreg tooling. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of composite tools. The article describes the process considerations for composite tool design, such as master model or pattern design selection, fiber and fabric selection, resins, and surface coat and ply. Various tool laminate construction techniques, such as curing and demolding, and cutting and trimming, are reviewed. The article also describes the substructure design for the construction of tool laminates.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... specific types of flaws and material structure. The interlaminar reflections in composite materials formed from continuous fiber prepreg tape are low in amplitude compared with those of woven material systems. Woven materials produce large-amplitude periodic reflections that decay logarithmically...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive technique that is useful in both quality control and research applications for flaw detection in fiber-reinforced composite materials. This article describes ultrasonic nondestructive analysis by outlining its three basic types of scans. It reviews the important quality control techniques used during the manufacture of composite components by analyzing tooling control, material control, pattern orientation control, and in-process control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... are large fiber bundles that are woven into a very thick fabric, which is used to build up part thickness with a minimum number of plies. These materials are available in large rolls of various widths. The full and partial plies in the part are cut from the prepreg rolls using large scissors, utility knives...
Abstract
Wet lay-up using hand or spray techniques is one of the simplest methods of combining a fiber reinforcement with a solidifying resin to form a composite structure. This article describes several wet lay-up processes - including contact molding, spray molding, vacuum bag molding, and autoclave molding - suited for making parts on open-faced molds using polyester and vinyl ester resins. The article also provides information on mechanically assisted lay-up which can be automated to alleviate some of the manual work.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes the dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices by the development of multiphase-structure thermosetting matrices using rubber and/or thermoplastic materials. It discusses two main methods for manufacturing prepregs, namely, single-pass impregnation...
Abstract
This article describes the dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices by the development of multiphase-structure thermosetting matrices using rubber and/or thermoplastic materials. It discusses two main methods for manufacturing prepregs, namely, single-pass impregnation and double-pass impregnation. The article illustrates reflected-light optical microscopy techniques to evaluate the morphology of thermoplastic materials for determining the material quality and correlating key microstructural features with material performance.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... as those used in versions for other product forms, such as film and wire enamels, it was a relatively easy matter to make the laminating resins commercially available at a reasonable cost. The major problems in processing condensation-type polyimide prepreg materials can be attributed both...
Abstract
High-temperature-resistant polymers are used in aerospace, electronic, and other applications that demand outstanding elevated-temperature physical and mechanical properties. This article discusses the general characteristics of condensation-type polyimides and polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) polyimides. It provides information on the applications of PMR-15 with illustrations.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... resin in layers of typically 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) thickness, prepreg technology was developed by the 3M Company in the United States at the request of Rolls Royce Engines in the United Kingdom, which had started to produce carbon fiber in-house. Automation of fiber and resin combination provided material...
Abstract
The prepreg hand lay-up process is a versatile, reliable, cost-effective, and high quality process for fabricating large or small components. This article discusses the technique characteristics and applications of the process. It describes the stages involved in the process of lay-up, namely, lay-up definition, ply-kit cutting, layup, debulking, and preparation for curing. The article concludes with a discussion on the component properties and design guidelines of the prepreg hand lay-up process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... process prepregs tool materials AUTOCLAVE MOLDING is a process used to impart a controlled heat and pressure cycle cure to a layup. Additional pressure permits higher density and removal of volatiles from the resin. Preparing the layup for autoclave molding is discussed in the section “Materials...
Abstract
Autoclave molding is a process used to impart a controlled heat and pressure cycle cure to a layup. This article describes the materials used for preparing a layup, including peel ply, separator, bleeder, barrier, breather, dam, and vacuum bag. It describes the major elements and functions of an autoclave system, including pressure vessel, gas stream heating and circulation sources, gas stream pressurizing systems, vacuum systems, control systems, and loading systems. The article includes information about modified autoclaves for specialized applications and safety practices in autoclave molding. It also describes the tooling configuration and type of tooling which includes aluminum and steel tooling, electroformed nickel tooling, graphite-epoxy tooling, and elastomeric tooling.
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