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Image
Initial design of the loop on the top end of the precipitator wires. On the...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Initial design of the loop on the top end of the precipitator wires. On the left are two loops, one with the 430 stainless steel ferrule removed. On the right is the broken wire inside the ferrule. 9×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Image
Precipitator wires from a basic oxygen furnace. (a) Original AISI 1008 carb...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 3 Precipitator wires from a basic oxygen furnace. (a) Original AISI 1008 carbon steel wire, wrapped around an insulator spool and fastened with a ferrule made from type 430 ferritic stainless steel. One ferrule has been removed. (b) Close-up view showing the fractured wire face inside
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Image
Replacement precipitator wires. (a) View of a type 304 replacement precipit...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 4 Replacement precipitator wires. (a) View of a type 304 replacement precipitator wire and the AISI 1010 tube bent at one end to place over the insulators. The arrows point to the two crimps used to fix the wire in the tube. (b) Close-up view of one of the crimps
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Image
Fractured replacement precipitator wires. (a) View of fractured type 304 pr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 5 Fractured replacement precipitator wires. (a) View of fractured type 304 precipitator wires. (b) Close-up view of one of the wires. Note the deformation at the inside diameter of the tube due to the motion of the wire.
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Book Chapter
Use of Failure Analysis in Materials Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement. chipper knives failure analysis line pipe steels materials selection oxygen furnace precipitator wires MATERIALS SELECTION for parts or components usually occurs under two conditions. The first is when a new part...
Abstract
This article describes the relationship between failure analysis and materials selection and a basic procedure for performing a failure analysis. It discusses the methods for analyzing failures to improve materials selection and presents examples that illustrate the use of failure analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... involved precipitator wires in a wet scrubbing system at a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) shop. There were six sets of wet scrubbing systems, and each had four zones. The data on the wire failure frequency are presented in Table 1 . Basically, wires were hung from porcelain insulators between plates...
Abstract
This article outlines the basic steps to be followed and the range of techniques available for failure analysis, namely, background data assembling, visual examination, microfractography, chemical analysis, metallographic examination, electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray techniques, and simulations. It also describes the steps for analyzing the data, preparing the report, preservation of evidence, and follow-up on recommendations.
Image
Transverse cross section TEM photomicrograph of a portion of one filament o...
Available to Purchase
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 13 Transverse cross section TEM photomicrograph of a portion of one filament of a Nb-46.5Ti composite wire. The light streaks are the α-Ti precipitates that are responsible for flux pinning through the core interaction. This wire has a large pinning force, with J c = 3150 A/mm 2 at 5
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Book Chapter
Heat Treatment Practices of Age-Hardenable Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006288
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... to precipitation treatment is necessary to obtain properties provided by this temper. In treating plate to T42 and T451 tempers; rolled or cold-finished wire, rod, and bar to T451 temper; and extruded rod, bar, shapes, and tubing to T4510 temper, parts are stress relieved by stretching to produce a specified...
Abstract
This article focuses on the aging characteristics of solution and precipitation heat treated aluminum alloy systems and their corresponding types. It includes information on aluminum-copper systems, aluminum-copper-magnesium systems, aluminum-magnesium-silicon systems, aluminum-zinc-magnesium systems, aluminum-zinc-magnesium-copper systems, and aluminum-lithium alloys.
Image
Intercrystalline corrosion of a type 304 stainless steel cerclage wire. (a)...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
content and no molybdenum from investigated implant wire. (c) Cross section of sensitized wire, with grain boundaries and deformation lines heavily attacked by etching because of chromium carbide precipitates. 180×. (d) Fracture surface under scanning electron microscope indicating intercrystalline
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Book Chapter
Heat Treatment Practice of Wrought Age-Hardenable Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... to solution treatment and prior to precipitation treatment to obtain properties provided by this temper. In treating plate to T42 and T451 tempers; rolled and cold-finished wire, rod, and bar to T451 temper; and extruded rod, bar, shapes, and tubing to T4510 temper, parts are stress relieved by stretching...
Abstract
This article summarizes a typical solution and aging heat treatments of 2xxx (Al-Cu), 6xxx (Al-Mg-Si), and 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) wrought alloys. It discusses the general aging characteristics and the effects of reheating of aluminum alloys. Typical examples of hardness and conductivity values for various aluminum alloy tempers are listed in a table. The article also describes the age hardening of Al-Cu (Mg) alloys, Al-Mg-Si alloys, and Zn-Mg-(Cu) aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract This article discusses the composition, characteristics, and properties of the five groups of wrought stainless steels: martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, characteristics, and properties of the five groups of wrought stainless steels: martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. The selection of stainless steels may be based on corrosion resistance, fabrication characteristics, availability, mechanical properties in specific temperature ranges and product cost. The fabrication characteristics of stainless steels include formability, forgeability, machinability, and weldability. The product forms of wrought stainless steels are plate, sheet, strip, foil, bar, wire, semifinished products, pipes, tubes, and tubing. The article describes tensile properties, elevated-temperature properties, subzero-temperature properties, physical properties, corrosion properties, and fatigue strength of stainless steels. It characterizes the experience of a few industrial sectors according to the corrosion problems most frequently encountered and suggests appropriate grade selections. Corrosion testing, surface finishing, mill finishes, and interim surface protection of stainless steels are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.../erosion and corrosion Tungsten carbide-based overlays Sizing screens, crusher cones Impact, abrasion Ground engaging tools High stress abrasion Metal alloy hardfacings contain multiple elements, which when heated will tend to form a high population of precipitate phases. These precipitate...
Abstract
Hardfacing refers to the deposition of a specially selected material onto a component in order to reduce wear in service as a preventative measure or return a worn component to its original dimensions as a repair procedure. This article provides information on various hardfacing materials, namely, iron-base overlays, chromium carbide-based overlays, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys, and tungsten carbide-based metal-matrix composite overlays. It discusses the types of hardfacing processes, such as arc welding processes, and laser cladded, oxyacetylene brazing and vacuum brazing processes. The arc welding processes include shielding metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding/flux cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, submerged arc welding, and plasma transferred arc welding. The article also reviews various factors influencing the selection of the appropriate hardfacing for specific applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
...-drawing techniques to final size, which is typically 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in.) in diameter. During the reduction process the wire is subjected to a series of intermediate heat treatments designed to precipitate the α-phase titanium of the alloy. The ratio of copper stabilizer to superconductor...
Abstract
Niobium-titanium alloys (NbTi) became the superconductors of choice in the early 1960s, providing a viable alternative to the A-15 compounds and less ductile alloys of niobium-zirconium. This can be attributed to the relative ease of fabrication, better electrical properties, and greater compatibility with copper stabilizing materials. This article discusses the ramifications of design requirements, selection criteria and processing methods of superconducting fibers and matrix materials. It provides information on the various steps involved in the fabrication of superconducting composites, including assembly, welding, isostatic compaction, extrusion, wire drawing, twisting, and final sizing. The article also provides a detailed account of the properties and applications of NbTi superconducting composites.
Book Chapter
6061 and Alclad 6061 General Structural Alloy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006716
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... °C (350 °F) and held at temperature for 8 h Rolled or cold-finished wire, rod, and bar are treated at 160 °C (320 °F) and held at temperature for 18 h to obtain T89 temper. Cold working after solution treating is necessary to obtain the desired properties in precipitation treating Rolled...
Abstract
The general structural alloy 6061 is a balanced alloy containing silicon and magnesium in appropriate proportions to form magnesium silicide, which makes the alloy precipitation hardenable. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of this 6xxx series alloy.
Book Chapter
Selection of Wrought Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001412
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract This article commences with a brief description of the solidification characteristics and microstructures of martensitic precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels. It reviews the welding parameters for types 17-4PH, 15-5PH, PH13-8 Mo, Custom 450, and Custom 455. The article...
Abstract
This article commences with a brief description of the solidification characteristics and microstructures of martensitic precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels. It reviews the welding parameters for types 17-4PH, 15-5PH, PH13-8 Mo, Custom 450, and Custom 455. The article describes the microstructural evolution and weld parameters associated with semiaustenitic PH steels. It discusses the weldability and welding recommendations for A-286 and JBK-75 austenitic PH stainless steels. The article also presents tables that list properties and heat treatments for the PH stainless steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of five major families of stainless steels: martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening (PH) stainless steels, and duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. Stainless steels of all types are weldable by virtually all welding processes...
Abstract
This article addresses consumable selection and procedure development for the welding of stainless steels. The WRC-1992 diagram and the Schaeffier diagram, are used to illustrate the rationale behind many filler-metal choices. The article discusses the basic metallurgy and base metals of five major families of stainless steels: martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening (PH) stainless steels, and duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. Stainless steels of all types are weldable by virtually all welding processes. The article describes the common arc welding processes with regard to procedure and technique errors that can lead to loss of ferrite control with the common austenitic stainless steel weld metals that are designed to contain a small amount of ferrite for protection from hot cracking. The arc welding processes include shielded-metal arc welding, gas-tungsten arc welding, and gas-metal arc welding.
Book Chapter
6 xxx Aluminum Alloy Datasheets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006708
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
..., and are available in all major product forms including extrusions, wire, rod, bar, forgings, sheet, and plate. Standard specifications for 6xxx series aluminum alloys and select specialty mill products are listed in Table 1 and Table 2 , respectively. The alloys generally are easy and inexpensive to fabricate...
Abstract
The 6xxx series aluminum alloys are used across end applications including all forms of transportation, electronics, and building and construction. This article contains tables that list standard specifications for 6xxx series aluminum alloys and select specialty mill products. The relationships among commonly used alloys in the 6xxx series are illustrated.
Book Chapter
2024 and Alclad 2024 High-Strength Aerospace Alloy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
..., and bar to T36 temper; and treating plate to T361 temper, cold working subsequent to solution treatment and prior to precipitation treatment is necessary to obtain properties provided by these tempers. Temper T351: This temper applies to plate and cold-finished rod, bar, and wire when stress relieved...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, mill product specifications, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and applications of high-strength aerospace alloys 2024 and Alclad 2024. It contains tables that list values of tensile property limits for 2024 sheet, plate, and round product forms. Figures illustrate the effect of stretching and aging on toughness of the 2024 sheet and the effect of temperature on tensile properties of 1.0 mm thick Alclad 2024-T3 sheet.
Book Chapter
Medical Applications of Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005673
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
..., martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels. It contains a table that lists common medical device applications for stainless steels. The article discusses the physical metallurgy and physical and mechanical properties...
Abstract
Stainless steels are used for medical implants and surgical tools due to the excellent combination of properties, such as cost, strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of cleaning. This article describes the classifications of stainless steels, such as austenitic stainless steels, martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels. It contains a table that lists common medical device applications for stainless steels. The article discusses the physical metallurgy and physical and mechanical properties of stainless steels. Medical device considerations for stainless steels, such as fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, and passivation techniques, are reviewed. The article explains the process features of implant-grade stainless steels, including type 316L, type 316LVM, nitrogen-strengthened, ASTM F1314, ASTM F1586, ASTM F2229, and ASTM F2581 stainless steels.
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