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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 19 Plot of the effects of bowing or bypassing around a precipitate and cutting or shearing a precipitate, showing a critical size for maximum strength More
Book Chapter

By Peter C. Collins, Hamish L. Fraser
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... relationship with the matrix. Therefore, recent research has focused on deriving more accurate models of shear stress using a variety of approaches ( Ref 21 , Ref 22 , Ref 23 ), including computational dislocation-precipitate simulations to study various precipitate morphologies and distributions. For very...
Book Chapter

By Sammy Tin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... the stress exponent ( n ) tends to range between 3 and 10; μ is the shear modulus. This mode of creep involves glide of dislocations but is limited by climb of the dislocations over obstacles that inhibit further plastic flow. The obstacles may be precipitates or dislocation locks that impede their ability...
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 33 Precipitate particles (light) in Ti-17Al alloy that was aged 48 h at 480 °C (895 °F), then plastically deformed. The deformation sheared the particles along the slip plane. Thin-foil transmission electron micrograph. Original magnification 65,000×. Courtesy of J. Williams More
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 AISI type 431 stainless steel T-bolt that failed by SCC. (a) T-bolt showing location of fracture. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Fracture surface of the bolt showing shear lip (arrow A), fine-grain region (arrow B), and oxidized regions (arrows C). (c) Longitudinal section through More
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 10 AISI type 431 stainless steel T-bolt that failed by stress-corrosion cracking. (a) T-bolt showing location of fracture. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Fracture surface of the bolt showing shear lip (arrow A), fine-grained region (arrow B), and oxidized regions (arrows C). (c More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
..., size, distribution of precipitates, type of test load, and form of commercial product considerably affected fracture morphology. Specimen orientations examined had little influence on fracture morphology. Strain-rate changes of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude did not alter the strength properties...
Book Chapter

By Ellen Wright
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... of different loading conditions or combinations thereof, such as: Mode I (axial tension) Mode II (in-plane shear) Mode III (out-of-plane shear) Bending Torsion Compression These various applied loads are exemplified in Fig. 1 . (Note that residual stresses may be present from...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002410
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... than large γ′. These results are shown in Fig. 2 . Studies taken from both low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and FCP studies were used to examine the deformation mechanisms. The large-grain/small-precipitate specimens were found to exhibit particle shearing by the dislocations, whereas the small-grain/large...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... variations in materials caused by composition or processing when the material is of low-to-moderate ductility. It does not reveal small ductility variations in materials of very high ductility. Torsion Test In the torsion test, deformation is caused by pure shear, and large strains can be achieved...
Book Chapter

By Arnold R. Marder
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... and growth (e.g., spinodal decomposition). To further complicate the classification of the transformations, crystallography influences most transformations (e.g., pearlite, bainite, martensite, and precipitation). Christian ( Ref 1 ) has classified solid-state transformations according to their growth...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... and combines with transition metals such as chromium, manganese, and zirconium to form intermediate phases with little or no solubility in aluminum. They are unshearable particles and suppress localized shear. Because of their slow diffusivity, these alloying additions form very small precipitates...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... , where G denotes the shear modulus, this dissociation is connected with an energy reduction ( b 1 2 < b 2 2 + b 3 2 ), and hence it is favorable. Fig. 9 Part of a {111} plane of the fcc crystal lattice, showing the positions of the atoms of the two next...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... is a diffusionless process, where rapid changes in temperature cause shear displacement of atoms and individual atomic movements of less than one interatomic spacing. The transformation also depends on the temperature: martensite begins to form at a martensite start (M s ) temperature, and additional transformation...
Book Chapter

By Matthew J. Perricone
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... morphology of ferrous bainite consists of a nonlamellar aggregate of lath- or plate-shaped ferrite grains with carbides precipitated within the ferrite grains or in the interlath regions. However, in some steels (e.g., high silicon content), the carbide precipitation can be suppressed completely, resulting...
Book Chapter

By Brett A. Miller
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003543
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in direction consistent with applied loads• Dull, fibrous fracture• Shear lips • Little or no distortion• Flat fracture• Bright or coarse texture, crystalline, grainy• Rays or chevrons point to origin • Flat progressive zone with beach marks• Overload zone consistent with applied loading direction• Ratchet...
Book Chapter

By C. Quinton Bowles
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed. cleavage fracture crack growth cracking creep dimpled rupture ductile striation formation failure analysis...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of precipitation-hardening stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the cup-and-cone tension-overload...
Book Chapter

By Y. Bhambri, V.K. Sikka
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on forging methods, melting procedures, forging equipment, forging practices, grain refinement, and critical factors considered in forging process. It describes the different types of solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-strengthened...
Book Chapter

By Charles Carson
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005948
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
.... It discusses the heat treatment of these steels, namely, aging, solution annealing, age hardening, and nitriding. Their hardening during aging has been attributed to two different mechanisms: short-range ordering and precipitation. The article concludes with a discussion on the grain refinement using thermal...