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S.V.S. Narayana Murty, Niraj Nayan, Sushant K. Manwatkar, P. Ramesh Narayanan
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precipitate shearing
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Image
Plot of the effects of bowing or bypassing around a precipitate and cutting...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 19 Plot of the effects of bowing or bypassing around a precipitate and cutting or shearing a precipitate, showing a critical size for maximum strength
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Book Chapter
Modeling of Tensile Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... relationship with the matrix. Therefore, recent research has focused on deriving more accurate models of shear stress using a variety of approaches ( Ref 21 , Ref 22 , Ref 23 ), including computational dislocation-precipitate simulations to study various precipitate morphologies and distributions. For very...
Abstract
A computational tool would require the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms of metallic material to be predicted and then summed in an appropriate way to derive an estimate of the tensile properties. This article focuses on the modeling of deformation mechanisms pertinent to structural materials, namely, solid-solution strengthening, age/precipitation hardening, dispersion strengthening, grain size reduction, strengthening from cold work, and strengthening from interfaces. It explains the application of predictive models in the atomistic modeling of dislocation structures and cast aluminum property prediction. The article concludes with information on the use of rules-based approaches and data-mining techniques for quantitative predictions of tensile properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... the stress exponent ( n ) tends to range between 3 and 10; μ is the shear modulus. This mode of creep involves glide of dislocations but is limited by climb of the dislocations over obstacles that inhibit further plastic flow. The obstacles may be precipitates or dislocation locks that impede their ability...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
Image
Precipitate particles (light) in Ti-17Al alloy that was aged 48 h at 480 °C...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 33 Precipitate particles (light) in Ti-17Al alloy that was aged 48 h at 480 °C (895 °F), then plastically deformed. The deformation sheared the particles along the slip plane. Thin-foil transmission electron micrograph. Original magnification 65,000×. Courtesy of J. Williams
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AISI type 431 stainless steel T-bolt that failed by SCC. (a) T-bolt showing...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 AISI type 431 stainless steel T-bolt that failed by SCC. (a) T-bolt showing location of fracture. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Fracture surface of the bolt showing shear lip (arrow A), fine-grain region (arrow B), and oxidized regions (arrows C). (c) Longitudinal section through
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Image
AISI type 431 stainless steel T-bolt that failed by stress-corrosion cracki...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 10 AISI type 431 stainless steel T-bolt that failed by stress-corrosion cracking. (a) T-bolt showing location of fracture. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Fracture surface of the bolt showing shear lip (arrow A), fine-grained region (arrow B), and oxidized regions (arrows C). (c
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Book Chapter
Cryogenic Toughness and Fractography of Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
..., size, distribution of precipitates, type of test load, and form of commercial product considerably affected fracture morphology. Specimen orientations examined had little influence on fracture morphology. Strain-rate changes of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude did not alter the strength properties...
Abstract
This article aims to summarize the work on cryogenic strength and toughness and to present the fractography of aluminum alloys. It presents case studies on the importance of understanding the fractography of aluminum alloys and the role of microstructure in the appearance of fractographic features, with variables comprised of in-plane/through-thickness anisotropy, test temperature, heat treatment condition, and the effect of welding.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... of different loading conditions or combinations thereof, such as: Mode I (axial tension) Mode II (in-plane shear) Mode III (out-of-plane shear) Bending Torsion Compression These various applied loads are exemplified in Fig. 1 . (Note that residual stresses may be present from...
Abstract
Fracture of aluminum alloys can occur due to several failure types and/or fracture morphologies, including overload, intergranular fracture, fatigue, corrosion, and mixed-mode fracture. This article provides a detailed discussion on these failure types and/or fracture morphologies. It also presents the differences between wrought and cast aluminum products.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture of Nickel-Base Superalloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002410
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... than large γ′. These results are shown in Fig. 2 . Studies taken from both low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and FCP studies were used to examine the deformation mechanisms. The large-grain/small-precipitate specimens were found to exhibit particle shearing by the dislocations, whereas the small-grain/large...
Abstract
This article discusses fracture, fatigue, and creep of nickel-base superalloys with additional emphasis on directionally solidified and single-crystal applications. It analyzes the physical metallurgy of these alloys. The effects of grain boundary and grain size on failure are summarized. The article also discusses the effects of microstructure and extrinsic parameters on fatigue crack propagation (FCP). It details the modeling of FCP rates and creep and creep-fatigue crack growth rates.
Book Chapter
Bulk Formability of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... variations in materials caused by composition or processing when the material is of low-to-moderate ductility. It does not reveal small ductility variations in materials of very high ductility. Torsion Test In the torsion test, deformation is caused by pure shear, and large strains can be achieved...
Abstract
This article discusses the bulk formability or workability of steels. It describes their formability characteristics and presents procedures for various formability tests used for carbon and alloy steels. Tests for bulk formability can be divided into two main categories: primary tests and specialized tests. The article compares the processing of microalloyed plate and bar products. The article focuses on the use of torsion testing to evaluate the forgeability of carbon and alloy steels and presents information on measuring flow stress. The article discusses the metallurgy and thermomechanical processing of high-strength low-alloy (microalloyed) steels and the various parts of the rolling operation. The article summarizes some of the common tests for determining formability in open-die and closed-die forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... and growth (e.g., spinodal decomposition). To further complicate the classification of the transformations, crystallography influences most transformations (e.g., pearlite, bainite, martensite, and precipitation). Christian ( Ref 1 ) has classified solid-state transformations according to their growth...
Abstract
This introductory article provides basic information on the various aspects of solid-state transformation: multiphase microstructures, substructures, and crystallography, which assist in characterizing the morphology of phase transformations. It contains a flowchart that illustrating the classification of transformations by growth processes.
Book Chapter
Metallurgy of Heat Treatable Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... and combines with transition metals such as chromium, manganese, and zirconium to form intermediate phases with little or no solubility in aluminum. They are unshearable particles and suppress localized shear. Because of their slow diffusivity, these alloying additions form very small precipitates...
Abstract
This article describes the general categories and metallurgy of heat treatable aluminum alloys. It briefly reviews the key impurities and each of the principal alloying elements in aluminum alloys, namely, copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, zinc, iron, lithium, titanium, boron, zirconium, chromium, vanadium, scandium, nickel, tin, and bismuth. The article discusses the secondary phases in aluminum alloys, namely, nonmetallic inclusions, porosity, primary particles, constituent particles, dispersoids, precipitates, grain and dislocation structure, and crystallographic texture. It also discusses the mechanisms used for strengthening aluminum alloys, including solid-solution hardening, grain-size strengthening, work or strain hardening, and precipitation hardening. The process of precipitation hardening involves solution heat treatment, quenching, and subsequent aging of the as-quenched supersaturated solid solution. The article briefly discusses these processes of precipitation hardening. It also reviews precipitation in various alloy systems, including 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx, aluminum-lithium, and Al-Mg-Li systems.
Book Chapter
Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Microstructure
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... , where G denotes the shear modulus, this dissociation is connected with an energy reduction ( b 1 2 < b 2 2 + b 3 2 ), and hence it is favorable. Fig. 9 Part of a {111} plane of the fcc crystal lattice, showing the positions of the atoms of the two next...
Abstract
This article discusses the microstructural processes that take place during plastic deformation and presents a plain phenomenological and general description of the cyclic stress-strain (CSS) response. It emphasizes the microstructural aspects of cyclic loading on single-phase materials tested in initially soft, dislocation-poor conditions resulting from a prior heat treatment. The article discusses deformation-induced phase transformations in austenitic stainless steels and commercial age-hardened aluminum alloys. It describes the interaction of dislocations and the strengthening of second-phase particles. The article also provides a description of the framework used to model the CSS response on a physical basis.
Book Chapter
Martensitic Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... is a diffusionless process, where rapid changes in temperature cause shear displacement of atoms and individual atomic movements of less than one interatomic spacing. The transformation also depends on the temperature: martensite begins to form at a martensite start (M s ) temperature, and additional transformation...
Abstract
Martensite is a metastable structure that forms during athermal (nonisothermal) conditions. This article reviews the crystallographic theory, morphologies, orientation relationships, habit plane, and transformation temperature of ferrous martensite microstructures. It examines the stages of the tempering process involved in ferrous martensite. The article also describes the formation of the martensite structure in nonferrous systems. It concludes with a discussion on shape memory alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... morphology of ferrous bainite consists of a nonlamellar aggregate of lath- or plate-shaped ferrite grains with carbides precipitated within the ferrite grains or in the interlath regions. However, in some steels (e.g., high silicon content), the carbide precipitation can be suppressed completely, resulting...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the transformations of various categories of bainite in ferrous systems. These include upper bainite, lower bainite, inverse bainite, granular bainite, and columnar bainite. The article also provides information on the bainite transformations in nonferrous systems.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003543
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in direction consistent with applied loads• Dull, fibrous fracture• Shear lips • Little or no distortion• Flat fracture• Bright or coarse texture, crystalline, grainy• Rays or chevrons point to origin • Flat progressive zone with beach marks• Overload zone consistent with applied loading direction• Ratchet...
Abstract
Overload failures refer to the ductile or brittle fracture of a material when stresses exceed the load-bearing capacity of a material. This article reviews some mechanistic aspects of ductile and brittle crack propagation, including a discussion on mixed-mode cracking, which may also occur when an overload failure is caused by a combination of ductile and brittle cracking mechanisms. It describes the general aspects of fracture modes and mechanisms. The article discusses some of the material, mechanical, and environmental factors that may be involved in determining the root cause of an overload failure. It also presents examples of thermally and environmentally induced embrittlement effects that can alter the overload fracture behavior of metals.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed. cleavage fracture crack growth cracking creep dimpled rupture ductile striation formation failure analysis...
Abstract
The cracking process occurs slowly over the service life from various crack growth mechanisms such as fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking, creep, and hydrogen-induced cracking. Each of these mechanisms has certain characteristic features that are used in failure analysis to determine the cause of cracking or crack growth. This article discusses the macroscopic and microscopic basis of understanding and modeling fracture resistance of metals. It describes the four major types of failure modes in engineering alloys, namely, dimpled rupture, ductile striation formation, cleavage or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of precipitation-hardening stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the cup-and-cone tension-overload...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of precipitation-hardening stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the cup-and-cone tension-overload fracture, low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fracture, fracture surface, brittle intergranular fracture, hydrogen embrittlement, and intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of stainless steel components of these steels. The components include high-pressure compressor parts, springs, deflector yokes of aircraft main landing gears, and aircraft engine mount beams.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on forging methods, melting procedures, forging equipment, forging practices, grain refinement, and critical factors considered in forging process. It describes the different types of solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-strengthened...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on forging methods, melting procedures, forging equipment, forging practices, grain refinement, and critical factors considered in forging process. It describes the different types of solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-strengthened superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant alloy forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005948
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
.... It discusses the heat treatment of these steels, namely, aging, solution annealing, age hardening, and nitriding. Their hardening during aging has been attributed to two different mechanisms: short-range ordering and precipitation. The article concludes with a discussion on the grain refinement using thermal...
Abstract
Maraging steels are highly alloyed low-carbon iron-nickel martensite steels that possess an excellent combination of strength and toughness superior to that of most carbon-hardened steels. This article provides a detailed account of the formation of martensite in maraging steels. It discusses the heat treatment of these steels, namely, aging, solution annealing, age hardening, and nitriding. Their hardening during aging has been attributed to two different mechanisms: short-range ordering and precipitation. The article concludes with a discussion on the grain refinement using thermal cycling and transformation-induced plasticity maraging methods.
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