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power train systems
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006399
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... in piston-cylinder conjunctions, engine bearings, and transmission and differential gearing systems. power train systems friction lubrication wear surface roughness lubricant rheology piston-cylinder conjunctions bearings gearing systems Introduction Tribology is the study of friction...
Abstract
Tribology is the study of friction, lubrication, and wear. It is a multidisciplinary subject covering the mechanics of contacting surfaces, their roughness characteristics, lubrication, and material behavior under normal load as well as in traction. This article focuses on well-established and widely accepted analytical methods and design and analysis charts for dealing with some of the issues in the area of engine and power train tribology. It provides a discussion on lubricant rheology and the prediction of lubricating film thickness. The article reviews the frictional power loss in piston-cylinder conjunctions, engine bearings, and transmission and differential gearing systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... tool, such as virtual aluminum castings (VAC), developed and implemented for quickly developing durable cast aluminum power train components. It describes the procedures for the model development of the VAC system. These procedures include linking the manufacturing process to microstructure, linking...
Abstract
Integrated computational materials engineering refers to the use of computer simulations that integrate mathematical models of complex metallurgical processes with computer models used in component and process design. This article outlines an example of a computer-aided engineering tool, such as virtual aluminum castings (VAC), developed and implemented for quickly developing durable cast aluminum power train components. It describes the procedures for the model development of the VAC system. These procedures include linking the manufacturing process to microstructure, linking microstructures to mechanical properties, linking material properties to performance prediction, and model validation and integration into the engineering process. The article discusses the benefits of the VAC system in process selection, process optimization, and improving the component design criteria.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... bonded. Substations are closely spaced and are either diode grounded or ungrounded. These design elements are illustrated in the electrical schematic of a single train powered by a single substation in Fig. 1 . Current flow is from the substation, through the overhead wire catenary system (OCS...
Abstract
This article presents the fundamentals of stray-current corrosion caused by electric rail transit systems. It describes the various corrosion-control design elements for the electric rail system. These design elements include substation spacing and grounding, track and track slab design, and construction acceptance criteria. The impacts of the electric rail construction in underground utilities are discussed. Direct physical interferences, maintenance access encroachments, stray-current effects, and utility relocation design considerations, are discussed. The article also reviews construction issues such as funding, sequencing, and working clearances. It concludes with information on the post-construction monitoring and maintenance for stray-current corrosion control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001397
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Soldering personnel with a strong basic training will need some additional special training to operate an RS system. The operator's function is to load and unload the parts and to maintain or replace the electrode heads when required. General soldering health and safety rules should be observed to avoid...
Abstract
Resistance soldering (RS) can be applied to electrically conductive materials that allow the passage of electric current. The process can be used for selective spot soldering of small components, for the soldering of closely placed parts on an assembly, or for heat restriction when necessary. This article explains that the RS process can be used in all soldering operations and with all solderable metals. It provides information on the applications, preassembly practices, the equipment used and the training required for soldering personnel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of awarding business on price alone; instead, minimize total cost by working with a single supplier. Improve constantly and forever every process for planning, production, and service. Institute training on the job. Adopt and institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between...
Abstract
This article defines quality, quality assurance, quality control, and quality management of processes, products, and services. It describes the evolution of quality control and quality assurance in the coatings industry. The article also discusses the standards, quality programs, and certifications in the coatings industry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... for that neuron, via a transfer function. By adjusting the values of these synaptic weights throughout the network, the outputs of the NN for any given set of inputs can be altered. Training is a continuous process, until the network correctly simulates the known behavior of the system to be modeled...
Abstract
Neural-network (NN) modeling is most suitable for simulations of correlations that are hard to describe or cannot be accurately predicted by physical models. This article describes the principles and procedures of NN modeling. It discusses the use of NN modeling in general organization of software and graphical user interfaces. The article also provides information on the ways to improve and upgrade the NN models.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... length in da / dN testing. Fig. 5 Schematic of an ultrasonic fatigue test system Fig. 6 Typical 20 kHz acoustic wave train Power Supplies Power supplies for ultrasonic fatigue testing typically range from 500 to 4000 W of electrical power. The actual output to the specimen...
Abstract
This article discusses the underlying concepts and basic techniques for performing ultrasonic fatigue tests and describes test equipment design, specimen design, and effective control over test variables. It reviews the results obtained with ultrasonic fatigue test methods with respect to strain-rate-dependent material behavior. The article also provides information on the applications of the ultrasonic fatigue test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001368
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of the welding equipment and the associated mechanical equipment for the forming or handling of the metal. Troubleshooting and repair of the welding equipment generally require specially trained personnel and are often conducted by the manufacturer. Improved and simplified systems for speed and/or power and weld...
Abstract
High-frequency (HF) welding is a welding process in which the heat source used to melt the joining surfaces is obtained from HF alternating current (ac) resistance heating. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages and applications of HF welding. It describes the equipment used for HF welding and the safety aspects to be considered during welding. The article concludes with a discussion on inspection and quality control.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001262
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... One factor that should always be checked when planning a change from conventional to pulsed-current power is the tank electrical contact system. Some anode and/or cathode contacts that may be perfectly suitable for conventional plating may present unwanted resistance to high-frequency peak currents...
Abstract
Pulsed-current plating can be defined simply as metal deposition by pulsed electrolysis, which involves using interrupted direct current to electroplate parts. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of pulsed-current plating and provides information on the process principles and control, solution composition, operating conditions, and necessary equipment modifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005852
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., process controls, failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), preventative maintenance, and training. Fig. 4 Power profile Fig. 5 Quench temperature monitoring system Malfunction check sheet Table 1 Malfunction check sheet Induction Hardener No. _______ Date...
Abstract
The basic elements of control design are safety, process control, process verification, machine control, productivity, repeatability, and ease of setup. Effective systems of quality control/quality assurance are essential for heat treating practices. This article provides information on process control modes, as well as on process signatures of some items that require control, monitoring, verifying, and logging methods. It provides information on programmable logic controllers that have become efficient in machine control and monitoring. The article describes possible noise issues, National Electric Code clearance requirements, monitoring requirements, and machine accuracy that need to be considered when designing induction equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005858
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... be assessed through numerous sources (television, newspapers, and Internet forums). For over ten years these fears have focused mainly on many types of equipment generating EMFs, such as microwave ovens, power lines, radar, computer monitors and television screens, security systems, and more recently, mobile...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and discusses their direct and indirect effects on human health. It provides a detailed description of the exposure levels of EMFs in residential and work environments. The article examines the international and European standards and regulations regarding occupational exposure to EMFs encountered in industrial activities. It discusses the categories of work equipment or activities that may expose the worker above and under the orientation value. The article also describes the main principles underlying the protection system adopted for the frequency range of 50 Hz to 10 MHz.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Book Chapter
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... to minimize risk of oxygen depletion 4 All exits must be clear from blockage and identifiable even in the event of a power loss. 5 Hearing protection must be worn when necessary. 6 Employees must undergo training for gas handling/hearing protection/fire safety/respiratory protection. 7 Use...
Abstract
Risk assessments (RAs) must be customized to the specific workplaces and to the actual work being performed. It is performed to make the workers and their management aware of the hazards in the work environment, identify each risk in a methodical manner, and put in place a plan to mitigate the hazards. Information on risk assessment presented in this article provides a logical approach that can be taken to minimize risk and maximize thermal spray practitioners' safety. There are basically four steps to improving operational safety by using RAs: identifying the risks for each activity, rating the risk, putting in place the actions required to minimize risk, and reviewing and updating the RAs on a regular basis. The article presents two case studies to illustrate the concepts involved in RAs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... systems using high-power fiber lasers have also been developed for the shipbuilding industry ( Ref 10 ). Process Description Hybrid laser arc welding most often combines LBW with GMAW in a common weld pool ( Fig. 1 ). In HLAW applications, the GMAW process is always used to add filler metal...
Abstract
Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Visual Inspection System for PCBs , IOSR J. Eng ., Vol 2 ( No. 6 ), 2012 , p 1451 – 1455 10.9790/3021-026114511455 • “Training Guidelines in Non-Destructive Testing Techniques: Manual for Visual Testing at Level 2,” International Atomic Energy Agency , 2013 • Varoufakis G...
Abstract
Visual inspection (VI) is the oldest inspection technique man has used as a quality-control tool to evaluate products, assess their final form in terms of fabrication accuracy and external features based on experience, and decide on their acceptance or rejection. This article discusses the basic principles of visual inspection in terms of direct visual examination and indirect visual examination as well as advantages and limitations of visual inspection. It reviews the factors affecting the effectiveness of VI as a nondestructive testing (NDT): lighting conditions of observation, condition of surface under inspection, physical state/condition of inspector, proper training of personnel and level of expertise, and knowledge of applicable standards. The article provides schematic illustrations of rigid borescopes, fiberscopes, and videoscopes. It concludes with a discussion on automated optical inspection systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... for the transmission of information, training, education, and research in the field of occupational health and safety. OSHA's current standards for welding, cutting, and brazing in general industry and construction are based on the 1967 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard Z49.1 and the National Fire...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the rules, regulations, and techniques implemented to minimize the safety hazards associated with welding, cutting, and allied processes. Safety management, protection of the work area, process-specific safety considerations, and robotic and electrical safety are discussed. The article explains the use of personal protective equipment and provides information on protection against fumes, gases, and electromagnetic radiation. It concludes with a discussion on safe handling of compressed gases as well as the prevention and protection of fire and explosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... transform of an output signal divided by the Laplace transform of an input signal. Transfer functions are algebraic representations of linear ODEs, and there are several powerful techniques for studying system behavior based on transfer function analyses ( Ref 3 ). Controller Structure The selection...
Abstract
The use of an effective control design, along with high-performance hardware and software for controller implementation, allows the use of feedback process control for manufacturing processes to improve part quality and consistency. This article provides an overview of control system design and its application to various manufacturing processes. It presents various examples of control system applications to show that appropriate control strategies increase the robustness of the processes by eliminating process sensitivity to system variations and external disturbances.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... the 1970s, however, laser welding had been restricted to relatively thin materials and low speeds because of the limited continuous power available. By 1965, a variety of laser systems had been developed for making microwelds in electronic circuit boards, inside vacuum tubes, and in other specialized...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Book Chapter
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... were not wearing flame-retarding clothing at the time of the accident, and the company did not have formal written maintenance procedures or employee training in place for the dust collector system. The CSB also determined that Hayes Lemmerz did not ensure the dust collector system it ordered...
Abstract
Health and safety are critically important issues, and there are numerous aspects of the production and use of metal powders that may entail exposure to hazardous conditions. This article provides a discussion on the issues associated with the safe production and handling of metal powders and the safe operation of continuous mesh belt sintering furnaces with combustible atmospheres. It also provides a comprehensive high-level overview of the safety-related issues and concerns related to the use of compacting presses in the manufacturing sector.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... heating coils power supplies programmable logic controllers quenching MAINTENANCE OF INDUCTION heating systems has long been ignored due to the assumption that “everything is fine as long as good workpieces are produced.” However, there are high costs associated with ignoring routine, scheduled...
Abstract
Hardness testing equipment is important as all results from the induction equipment are graded by the hardness testing equipment. This article includes maintenance tips and points to consider regarding hardness test equipment, power supplies, controls, programmable logic controllers, computer systems, water cooling systems, fixtures and machines, air-operated or pneumatic devices, coils, and quench systems. It also presents simple rules that need to be applied while moving the equipment from one location to another.
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