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Nomographs used to predict power loss in steadily loaded bearings. Source: ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
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Published: 31 December 2017
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Published: 31 December 2017
Book Chapter
Tribology of Power Train Systems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006399
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...-established and widely accepted analytical methods and design and analysis charts for dealing with some of the issues in the area of engine and power train tribology. It provides a discussion on lubricant rheology and the prediction of lubricating film thickness. The article reviews the frictional power loss...
Abstract
Tribology is the study of friction, lubrication, and wear. It is a multidisciplinary subject covering the mechanics of contacting surfaces, their roughness characteristics, lubrication, and material behavior under normal load as well as in traction. This article focuses on well-established and widely accepted analytical methods and design and analysis charts for dealing with some of the issues in the area of engine and power train tribology. It provides a discussion on lubricant rheology and the prediction of lubricating film thickness. The article reviews the frictional power loss in piston-cylinder conjunctions, engine bearings, and transmission and differential gearing systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... with a compressible gas. The article also describes the different types of aerostatic bearings, such as annular thrust bearings and orifice-compensated journal bearings. It presents a discussion on load capacity and stiffness, friction and power loss, and stability and damping of the aerostatic bearings. The article...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of three types of gas bearings, such as aerostatic bearing, precision aerodynamic bearing (PAB), and compliant aerodynamic bearing (CAB). It discusses the applications for aerostatic bearings and advantages in lubricating a bearing with a compressible gas. The article also describes the different types of aerostatic bearings, such as annular thrust bearings and orifice-compensated journal bearings. It presents a discussion on load capacity and stiffness, friction and power loss, and stability and damping of the aerostatic bearings. The article provides a discussion on the types of PAB and CAB. The types include spiral groove annular thrust bearings, cylindrical journal bearings, three-sector journal bearings, tilting-pad journal bearings, and helical-grooved journal bearings. The types of CAB include foil bearings and pressurized-membrane bearings. The article concludes with a description of factors that influence materials selection for gas-lubricated bearings.
Book Chapter
Estimation of the Basic Induction Process Parameters
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005897
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... The value of η el represents the amount of electrical losses ( P loss el ) compared to the power induced in the workpiece ( P c av ), according to: (Eq 5) η el = P w av P w av + P loss el where P loss el includes power loss...
Abstract
Estimation of process parameters for selective heating and heat treating of simple- and complex-shaped workpieces in induction hardening can be accurately carried out using numerical simulation techniques such as the finite-element analysis and the finite-different method. Along with the significant benefits of modern numerical simulations, it is important to be able to use rough estimation techniques to develop a general understanding of the critical parameters of a particular induction heating system. This article discusses such numerical techniques for estimating the critical parameters: workpiece power estimation; estimation of electrical and thermal efficiency of the coil; and frequency selection for heating solid cylinders, tubes, pipes, slabs, plates, strips, and rectangular workpieces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects. flux pinning Josephson effect magnetic properties power loss stabilization superconductivity superconductors SINCE ITS DISCOVERY in the early 1900s...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Book Chapter
Systematic Analysis of Induction Coil Failures and Prevention
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005842
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... power losses. The majority of factors related to a premature coil failure can be conveniently categorized into four large groups ( Fig. 3 ): Process-related factors (including abnormal working conditions and unanticipated exposure to excessive temperatures and magnetic fields) Coil copper...
Abstract
This article focuses on the frequently encountered causes of induction coil failures and typical failure modes in fabrication of hardening inductors, tooth-by-tooth gear-hardening inductors, clamshell inductors, contactless inductors, split-return inductors, butterfly inductors, and inductors for heating internal surfaces. It discusses the current density distribution and the skin effect, the proximity effect, and crack-propagation specifics. The article also describes selected properties of copper alloys, the electromagnetic edge effect of coil copper turn, and the effect of magnetic flux concentrators on coil life. It also reviews the importance of having appropriate and reliable electrical contacts.
Book Chapter
Simulation of Induction Heating Prior to Hot Working and Coating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005516
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... = η el η th where both η el and η th are in the range of 0 to 1. Defining Electrical and Thermal Efficiencies Coil Electrical Efficiency The value of η el represents the amount of electrical losses ( P loss el ) compared to the power induced in the workpiece ( P...
Abstract
The most popular metal hot working processes for which induction heating is applied are forging, forming, extrusion, and rolling. This article focuses on estimation techniques to determine basic induction heating process parameters, including coil power, length of heating line, and frequency selection. It discusses three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation, in induction heating. The article describes the factors affected by a distortion of the magnetic field at the coil end through a schematic illustration of distribution of three magnetic force components experienced by the turns of the coil. It concludes with information on some case studies of numerical simulation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005924
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... heated all the time, and the switching losses in oscillator tubes are high. Fig. 3 Modern inverter power types for heat treating. SCR, silicon-controlled rectifier; IGBT, isolated gate bipolar transistor; MOS-FET, metal-silicon-dioxide field-effect transistor. Source: Ref 9 Comparative...
Abstract
Induction heating has many different applications, such as melting, heating stock for forging, and heat treating. This article begins with a discussion on the types of power supplies, namely, solid-state power supplies and oscillator tubes. It provides information on system elements, including cooling systems, power supplies, heat stations, work handling fixtures, induction or work coils, and quench systems. The article discusses the influence of system elements on induction heat treating system design. It also deals with the general theory, types, and applications of induction coils.
Book Chapter
Electrical Testing of Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... losses (that is, dissipation factor, power factor, and so on), materials that are used to provide both insulation and capacitor dielectrics should have small losses to reduce the heating of the material and to minimize its effect on the rest of the network. In high-frequency applications, a low value...
Abstract
In terms of their electrical properties, plastics can be divided into thermosetting and thermoplastic materials, some of which are conductive or semiconductive. This article provides detailed information on factors that affect the property of plastics. It discusses the major test methods used to determine the following dielectric properties of plastics: dielectric breakdown voltage, dielectric strength, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, arc tracking resistance, insulation resistance, volume, and surface resistivity or conductivity. The test specifications and conditions, recommended by several U.S. and foreign testing organizations for characterizing the electrical properties of plastic materials are listed. The article describes the influence of these properties on selection of plastics for insulation application. An outline of the electromagnetic shielding and testing methods of electromagnetic interference are also provided. Designations, electrical properties, and applications of elastomers are tabulated.
Book Chapter
Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment for Turbine Components, Piping, and Tubing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article focuses on the life assessment methods for elevated-temperature failure mechanisms and metallurgical instabilities that reduce life or cause loss of function or operating time of high-temperature components, namely, gas turbine blade, and power plant piping and tubing...
Abstract
This article focuses on the life assessment methods for elevated-temperature failure mechanisms and metallurgical instabilities that reduce life or cause loss of function or operating time of high-temperature components, namely, gas turbine blade, and power plant piping and tubing. The article discusses metallurgical instabilities of steel-based alloys and nickel-base superalloys. It provides information on several life assessment methods, namely, the life fraction rule, parameter-based assessments, the thermal-mechanical fatigue, coating evaluations, hardness testing, microstructural evaluations, the creep cavitation damage assessment, the oxide-scale-based life prediction, and high-temperature crack growth methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... Abstract Surface coatings are essential in all facilities that process nuclear materials or use nuclear fission for power generation. This article describes the coatings used in two basic types of Generation 3 nuclear reactor designs in the United States and their containment size...
Abstract
Surface coatings are essential in all facilities that process nuclear materials or use nuclear fission for power generation. This article describes the coatings used in two basic types of Generation 3 nuclear reactor designs in the United States and their containment size. These reactors are the boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR). The article provides information on the loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) identified as the design basis accident (DBA), which can rapidly de-water the core of an operating nuclear reactor. To avoid LOCA, both the BWR and the PWR include emergency core cooling systems. The article describes a DBA test and other coating performance parameters necessary for safety-related coating systems. It provides a detailed account of the selection criteria of coating types in a nuclear plant. The article concludes by highlighting protective coating strategies in Generation 3 Plants.
Book Chapter
Well Casing External Corrosion and Cathodic Protection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article describes two principal methods for detecting well casing corrosion, namely, metal-loss tools and casing current measurement, as well as their limitations and advantages. It discusses the factors to be considered in designing well casing cathodic protection systems...
Abstract
This article describes two principal methods for detecting well casing corrosion, namely, metal-loss tools and casing current measurement, as well as their limitations and advantages. It discusses the factors to be considered in designing well casing cathodic protection systems. These include the determination of cathodic protection current by the casing polarization and CPP tests or by mathematical models; calculation of casing-to-anode separation; isolation of the casing from other facilities; consideration of stray current interference from other dc power sources; and determination of the size and the location of the anode bed for effective current output for the desired life of the anode bed. The article concludes with a discussion on the commissioning and monitoring of cathodic protection systems.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Failures of Industrial Refractories and Technical Ceramics
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0007042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on the corrosion of industrial refractory materials and technical ceramics. These materials, which are used to minimize heat losses and provide a barrier between the vessel and its contents, are utilized in the metallurgical, chemical process, power...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the corrosion of industrial refractory materials and technical ceramics. These materials, which are used to minimize heat losses and provide a barrier between the vessel and its contents, are utilized in the metallurgical, chemical process, power generation, automotive, and aerospace industries. The article covers the fundamental principles of chemical corrosion of refractories and ceramics, and the use of thermodynamic calculations and kinetic models to evaluate the probability of the occurrence of corrosion-causing chemical reactions. It describes the corrosion resistance characteristics of specific classes of refractories and structural ceramics. The article also examines the prevention strategies that minimize corrosion failures of both classes of materials.
Book Chapter
Induction Heating of Billets, Rods, and Bars
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005888
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
...) is a combination of both coil electrical efficiency (η el ) and coil thermal efficiency (η th ). (Eq 5) η = η el η th Both, η el and η th are in the range of 0 to 1. The value of η el represents the amount of electrical losses ( P loss el ) compared to the power...
Abstract
This article provides a rough estimate of the basic parameters, including coil efficiency, power, and frequency in induction heating of billets, rods, and bars. It focuses on the frequency selection for heating solid cylinders made of nonmagnetic metals, frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from nonmagnetic alloys, and frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from magnetic alloys. The article describes several design concepts that can be used for induction billet heating, namely, static heating and progressive/continuous heating. It presents the four major factors associated with the location and magnitude of subsurface overheating: frequency, refractory, final temperature, and power distribution along the heating line. The article summarizes the pros and cons of using a single power supply. It also reviews the design features of modular systems, and concludes with information on the temperature profile modeling software.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005843
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and all power loss in the circuit to 5% or less for the transmission lines to the work station, capacitor bank, and induction heating coil. This cannot be emphasized enough. Many good installations have been “scuttled” by the loss in the transmission lines. For the circuit shown in Fig. 11...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on transformers and reactors for induction heating. It presents information on the initial considerations in the selection process and the demands of power supply and load circuits. The article describes the types of transformers and reactors used in induction heating and maintenance operations. It also provides a discussion on load matching covering the following topics: initial considerations in the load-matching process, understanding the load circuit and the power supply circuit, selecting the desired operating point, adjusting the value of components, and testing the setup.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., and the distance between torch and workpiece. The highest efficiency is obtained with helium as the plasma gas and a short distance between material and torch. The power loss in torches with hollow water-cooled electrodes is approximately 25%. Remaining additional 25% losses are due to radiation and convection...
Abstract
Plasma melting is a material-processing technique in which the heat of thermal plasma is used to melt a material. This article discusses two typical design principles of plasma torches in the transferred mode: the tungsten tip design and the hollow copper electrode design. It describes the sources of atmospheric contamination in plasma melting furnaces and their control measures. The equipment used in plasma melting furnaces are also discussed. The article provides a detailed discussion on various plasma melting processes, such as plasma consolidation, plasma arc remelting, plasma cold hearth melting, and plasma casting.
Book Chapter
Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Internal Combustion Engine Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., and multiple bearing surfaces. The relative magnitudes of friction in engine components ( Ref 8 ) are roughly as follows: Approximately half of all friction losses come from the power cylinder components. The bearings and valvetrain components share the remainder of the frictional losses, the proportion...
Abstract
This article focuses on friction, lubrication, and wear of internal combustion engine parts, improvements in which provide important gains in energy efficiency, performance, and longevity of the internal combustion (IC) engine systems. It discusses the types, component materials, and Friction and Wear Control of IC engine. The article explains the process of friction reduction by surface textures or coatings. It provides information on surface hardening of iron and steel, which is commonly employed for engine and powertrain components such as crankshafts, cams, and cylinder liners. The article also discusses advanced surface engineering technologies, such as diamondlike carbon coatings and surface texture technology. Information on thermal-spray methods that have led to improvements in engine components is also provided. The article describes IC engine-components wear, namely, piston assembly wear, valvetrain wear, cylinder-bore wear, and engine bearing wear. It concludes with information on inlet valve and seat wear of IC engine.
Book Chapter
Energy and Environmental Aspects of Induction Melting Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005908
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... (power controlled) 0.2 1.2 Exhaust system (power controlled) 0.5 3.0 Sum 1.0 6.0 Furnace operation Reduction of holding time (–15 min) 1.5 9.0 Reduction of furnace cover opening time (–10 min) 1.5 9.0 Reduction of heat losses during melt transportation (15 K lower...
Abstract
Induction processes for melting and heating of metals belong to the high-energy-consuming industrial processes, and continuous improvement of energy efficiency of competitive melting and heating technologies is of increasing interest. This article discusses the energy demand of various melting processes and the improvements in the efficiency of melting processes in induction crucible furnaces. It provides energetic and ecological comparisons of different furnaces for melting of cast iron and aluminum. The article also describes the energy and power management of induction melting processes.
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