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Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 4 Constant power density boundaries showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling. absorbed beam power conduction-mode welding cutting drilling electron beam...
Book Chapter

By Jerzy Barglik, Dagmara Dołęga
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... density, current density, magnetic field strength, and magnetic flux density. This article describes the behavior of the EMF by Maxwell's equations in integral or differential forms. It discusses the definition of potentials; methods of mathematical modeling; boundary conditions; and energy, power density...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... in the a-b planes is orders of magnitude higher than current flow in the c -axis direction. The poor coupling between grains or the weak link mechanism is dominated by this current density anisotropy and grain-boundary-related problems such as precipitate or impurities along the grain boundaries...
Book Chapter

By Sammy Tin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... approximated to be similar to that of grain-boundary diffusion. With the dislocation cores serving as pathways for diffusion, the dislocation density contained within the material will have a significant impact on the pipe diffusion rates. Since the dislocation density is proportional to the stress squared...
Book Chapter

By Valery Rudnev
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
..., and high power densities ( Ref 1 ). In some cases of surface hardening of massive parts with shallow case depths (typically less than 1 mm), it is possible to use self–quenching techniques (also called mass quenching). If the heated surface layer is sufficiently thin and its mass is appreciably small...
Book Chapter

By Frank Montheillet, John J. Jonas
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... ) or Stüwe and Hertel ( Ref 28 ), can be employed as well. In contrast to the power law, they lead to a steady-state flow stress at large strains. However, they are unable to model the flow softening usually associated with DRX. Effect of Grain-Boundary Migration on the Dislocation Density A first...
Book Chapter

By Sergio Lupi, Valery Rudnev
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... v   q   d V where P i is power in W, which is converted into heat inside the element: (Eq 9a) d P v = p v ( P , t ) d V where p v is volumetric power density in W/m 3 . This produces the change of the internal energy of the element per the unit of time...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... section using a 200 W laser. They concluded that higher densities require higher laser powers. Wang et al. ( Ref 2 ) could increase the relative density to 99.1% by using a 400 W laser, plasma-spheroidized powder, a scan strategy with 67° layer rotation, and a support structure for preserving heat...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for fast neutrons, versus 0.01 eV/nm for gamma radiation) ( Ref 55 ). Also, the neutron flux in LWRs (e.g., ∼1.03×10 9 rad/h core average and ∼1.68×10 9 rad/h peak in a BWR of 51 W/cm 3 power density) is also higher than the gamma flux (∼0.34×10 9 rad/h). Indeed, the moderate gamma levels present...
Book Chapter

By Jerzy Barglik, Dagmara Dołęga
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005878
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
...: (Eq 1) div ( λ grad T ) − ρ c ( v grad T ) = − p V where λ denotes the thermal conduction coefficient, ρ is density, c is specific heat, v is velocity, and p V is the volumetric power of heat sources, which in the case of induction heating are represented...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... along columnar grain boundaries or perpendicular to the build direction, can also be present due to insufficient energy density in that region during scanning, and spherical gas pores can form from multiple mechanisms, including entrapped atomization gases inherent in the powder feedstock or through...
Book Chapter

By C.H.J. Davies
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... M 0 is a pre-exponential constant, Q b is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is absolute temperature. The driving pressure is either expressed as a direct function of dislocation density ( Ref 21 ) or of the energy of low-angle boundaries ( Ref 36 ). In either instance...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005898
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... ) in the hydrodynamic boundary layer The law of cooling states that heat flux surface density q conv is proportional to the difference of temperature between the heated solid (or the wall) T body and cooling liquid (gas) T liquid : (Eq 2) q conv = α ( T body − T liquid...
Book Chapter

By Mohamed N. Rahaman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... trapped within the grains as the grain boundary migrates and leaves the pores behind. As the pores trapped within the grains are difficult or impossible to remove, the ability to attain a high final density can be limited. A common requirement in sintering is a microstructure with high density (low...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... of the cells that are on the grain boundaries or next to second-phase particles (to describe PSN on carbides). This fraction was taken to be d ρ/ dt /1000 in the work of Goetz and Seetharaman. Nucleation is performed on those cells if their dislocation density has reached a critical value assumed to be ρ DR...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... applied current density, J c , exists below which a material is superconductive. Figure 1 shows how these three factors are interrelated. Materials lying within the T c H c J c envelope boundary in Fig. 1 will be superconductive; outside the boundary, conduction is normal. Fig. 1...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... less than 1 eV). Such reactors produce a small flux of high-energy neutrons, and until recently, these neutrons were the only ones considered to cause the irradiation effects observed in power reactors. However, as discussed in the section “Irradiation Embrittlement” in this article, recent...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... power, scan speed, hatch spacing, and scan pattern influence the porosity and grain structure of an AM part. Liverani et al. ( Ref 37 ) reported the effect of different combinations of power (90 and 126 W) and scan speed (700 and 1200 mm/s) on porosity formation in Co-Cr-Mo alloy. The final part density...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005510
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... in ESR are discussed as follows. VAR Process With dc power, Maxwell's equations reduce to a single equation for governing the distribution of the electric potential, ϕ, in the ingot: (Eq 1) Electric potential:  ∇ • ( σ ∇ ϕ ) = 0 The following boundary conditions for current...