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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests...
Abstract
The interaction of an implant with the human body environment may result in degradation of the implant, called corrosion. This article discusses the corrosion testing of metallic implants and implant materials. The corrosion environments for medical implants are the extracellular human body fluids, very complex solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, inorganic and organic constituents, and gases. The article describes the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion testing and provides a brief discussion on various types of corrosion tests. It illustrates corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests, and ion-leaching tests are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... current potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current impedance measurements. It concludes with information on chemically induced defects such as pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and chemical etching. chemical-mechanical planarization mechanically accelerated corrosion erosion...
Abstract
Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is described as mechanically accelerated corrosion, erosion corrosion, or metallic corrosion enhanced by wear. This article reviews the history, process, chemistry, electrochemistry, and defect issues for CMP. It provides an overview of CMP through a schematic illustration of CMP process equipment. The applications of CMP to tungsten and copper alloys are of prime interest in the semiconductor industry. The article discusses copper CMP and tungsten CMP in detail and analyzes polishing mechanism during CMP by application of direct current potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current impedance measurements. It concludes with information on chemically induced defects such as pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and chemical etching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... commercial software programs contain a number of typical electrochemical tests, such as potentiostatic, potentiodynamic, galvanostatic polarization, and other tests, such as the measurement of the galvanic current, the electrochemical impedance, or ECN. The user can input the particular parameters...
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion test methods. The features and requirements of the instrumentation needed for an electrochemical test are briefly discussed. The article provides a discussion on the various electrochemical techniques and tests available for laboratory studies of corrosion phenomena. The techniques and tests include no-applied-signal tests, small-signal polarization tests, large-signal polarization tests, scanning electrode techniques, and miscellaneous techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... rate (potentiodynamic), instantaneously increased a fixed amount, or stepped at various times (potentiostaircase) ( Ref 18 ). The applied current, I app , is measured and normalized with respect to the surface area (i.e., i app = I app / A ). Conversely, i app can be supplied between...
Abstract
This article addresses electrochemical methods for instantaneous rate determination and threshold determination as well as nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Electrochemical methods for the study of galvanic corrosion rates and localized corrosion and evaluation of corrosion rates under paints are also discussed. The article describes nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Methods presented include polarization methods, polarization resistance methods, electrochemical impedance methods, frequency modulation methods, electrochemical noise resistance, potential probe methods, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization methods, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods, electrochemical noise (EN) methods, scratch-repassivation method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gravimetric determination of mass loss, electrical-resistance methods, magnetic methods, quartz crystal microbalance method, solution analysis methods, and metrological methods are nonelectrochemical methods. The article presents an electrochemical test that examines the susceptibility of stainless steel alloys to intergranular corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003663
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of the anodic materials is well away from their corrosion potential, or the corrosion rate can be found as a function of potential by independent measurement. Potentiodynamic polarization curves are generated by connecting the specimen of interest to a scanning potentiostat. This device applies whatever...
Abstract
Galvanic corrosion, although listed as one of the forms of corrosion, is considered as a type of corrosion mechanism that is evaluated by modifying the tests used for conventional forms of corrosion. This article focuses on component testing, computer and physical scale modeling, and laboratory testing methods of evaluating galvanic corrosion. The laboratory tests fall into two categories, namely, electrochemical tests and specimen exposures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003661
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Book of ASTM Standards , American Society for Testing and Materials , 2002 3. “Standard Practice for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements for Localized Corrosion,” G 61, Wear and Erosion; Metal Corrosion , Vol 03.02 , Annual Book of ASTM Standards , American Society...
Abstract
Pitting is a form of localized corrosion that is often a concern in applications involving passivating metals and alloys in aggressive environments. This article describes the test methods for pitting corrosion. These methods include ASTM G 48, ASTM F 746, ASTM G 61, ASTM G 100, and electrochemical noise measurements. The visual examination, metallographic examination, and nondestructive inspection of pits are discussed. The article reviews the procedures for the use of standard charts, metal penetration, statistical analysis, and loss in mechanical properties to quantify the severity of pitting damage.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...), and a potentiostat is used, along with an auxiliary or counter electrode, to make such measurements. As mentioned previously, current density is a measure of the rate of reaction. Common practice for measuring such curves involves potentiodynamic polarization or automatic scanning of the potential from a low value...
Abstract
This article focuses on the different parameters that influence the pitting corrosion of passive metals. The parameters are environment, metal composition, potential, temperature, surface condition, alloy composition, stochastic nature of the processes, and inhibitors. In addition, the article provides a detailed discussion on the various stages of pitting. These include passive film breakdown, metastable pitting, pit growth, and pit stifling or death.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Kinetik , Springer Verlag , 1961 10.1007/978-3-642-86547-3 10. Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarisation Measurements , ASTM G 59–91, Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol 03.02 , ASTM , 1993 11. Stern M. and Geary A.L...
Abstract
This article focuses on the testing and typical corrosion behavior of coating-substrate systems in aqueous solutions and humid aggressive atmospheres. It includes a short review of the fundamentals of corrosion, followed by a discussion of specific system behavior, electrochemical and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... XPS results (see subsequent information), it has been shown that the surface chemistry of oxides on Co-Cr and stainless steel alloys is chromium rich, while the titanium and NiTi alloys are predominantly titanium oxide surfaces. Another aspect of these oxide films is that the measured height of oxide...
Abstract
This article tabulates the chemical composition of iron-base, titanium-base, and cobalt-base alloys and illustrates the microstructures of these materials. It discusses the surface morphology and chemistry of oxide-film-covered alloys and provides insights into the interaction. The article illustrates the interfacial structure of a biomaterial surface contacting with the biological environment. It describes the corrosion behavior of stainless steel, cobalt-base alloy, and titanium alloys. The electrochemical methods used for studying metallic biomaterials corrosion are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the biological consequences of in vivo corrosion and biocompatibility.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... formations supports the need for careful site characterization studies ( Ref 15 ). Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Carbon and low-alloy steel have been extensively been tested in groundwater environments for the last 30 years. Corrosion rates measured for carbon steels in granite waters ranged from 3...
Abstract
This article addresses the long-term corrosion behavior of high-level waste (HLW) container materials, more specifically of the outer shell of the containers. It discusses time, environmental, and materials considerations for the emplacement of HLW in geological repositories. Environmental corrosion resistance of materials planned for reducing repositories is also discussed. The article reviews the design and characterization of nuclear waste repository with an oxidizing environment surrounding the waste package.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003700
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the following: Nondestructive inspection Use of coupons Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization Use of electrical resistance probes Use of linear polarization resistance Use of galvanic currents Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Use of electrochemical noise measurement Indirect...
Abstract
This article provides useful information on the occurrence of corrosion in crude oil refinery units, namely, crude unit, catalytic and thermal cracking units, hydroprocessing units, amine sweetening units, and sour water units. Types and applications of corrosion inhibitors, namely, neutralizers, filming inhibitors, scavengers, microbiocides, and anti-foulants and scale inhibitors, are reviewed. The article describes the direct and indirect corrosion monitoring methods used to reduce equipment damage due to corrosion events and to assess the reliability and useful service life of process equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003662
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... is found after the initial tests, the temperature is raised by 10 °C (18 °F) and a new specimen exposed. The process is repeated, as needed, until the CCT is identified. The criterion for crevice corrosion in these methods is a measured attack depth of ≥0.025 mm (0.001 in.). Precision and bias...
Abstract
Crevice corrosion is a form of localized corrosion that affects many alloys that normally exhibit passive behavior. This article discusses the frequently used crevice corrosion testing and evaluation procedures. These procedures include specific crevice corrosion tests, multiple-crevice assembly tests, cylindrical materials and products evaluation, component testing, electrochemical tests, and mathematical modeling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006889
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... to analyze corrosion resistance of a material in the form of a potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Least-squares means with standard errors for electrochemical measurements Table 4 Least-squares means with standard errors for electrochemical measurements Group...
Abstract
This article discusses some of the additive manufacturing (AM) based fabrication of alloys and their respective mechanical, electrochemical, and in vivo performance. Firstly, it briefly discusses the three AM techniques that are most commonly used in the fabrication of metallic biomedical-based devices: binder jetting, powder-bed fusion, and directed-energy deposition. The article then characterizes the electrochemical properties of additive-manufactured/processed cobalt-chromium alloys. This is followed by sections providing an evaluation of the biological response to CoCr alloys in terms of the material and 3D printing fabrication. Discussion on the biological response as a function of direct cellular activity on the surface of CoCr alloys in static conditions (in vitro), in dynamic physiological conditions (in vivo), and in computer-simulated conditions (in silico) are further discussed in detail. Finally, the article provides information on the qualification and certification of AM-processed medical devices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003660
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... R.L. and French E.C. , Corrosion Monitoring in Sour Systems Using Electrochemical Hydrogen Patch Probes , J. Pet. Technol. , Nov 1978 , p 1566 – 1570 10.2118/6657-PA 11. “Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements,” G 59, Wear...
Abstract
Uniform corrosion refers to the attack on an exposed metal surface that results in homogeneous thickness loss that is evaluated by mass loss or measurement of thickness change. This article focuses on the various processes involved in mass loss tests, namely, selection and preparation of suitable test specimens, planning of the experimental technique, posttest sample cleaning, data acquisition, and reporting. It further discusses the test variables addressed during the experimental planning and provides an overview of the other test and evaluation methods of evaluating uniform corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005668
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the fundamentals of tribology. It describes the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the pin-on-disk method, which is the most commonly used configuration for testing biomaterials and for the reproducible measurement of friction and wear...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals of tribology. It describes the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the pin-on-disk method, which is the most commonly used configuration for testing biomaterials and for the reproducible measurement of friction and wear. The article illustrates a practical tribocorrosion setup that allows a user to perform wear tests in corrosive environments under well-defined electrochemical conditions and at controlled temperature. It explains the effect of changes in electrical contact resistance on tribological mode. The article discusses various in vivo environmental conditions in tribological tests. Some typical examples of biomaterials testing are also provided.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... density—the potential where this increase occurs is called the pitting potential, E pit , or the breakdown potential, E bd . The higher the pitting potential, the less susceptible the material is to pitting. It should be noted that the pitting potential as measured in a potentiodynamic polarization...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the most commonly employed tests and specific examples of the use of these tests in evaluating the corrosion resistance of powder metallurgy (P/M) stainless steels. It describes the influence of various processing parameters on the corrosion resistance of P/M stainless steels. The approaches used to improve the corrosion resistance of sintered stainless steels are discussed briefly. The article also presents a discussion on the manufacturing and corrosion characteristics of P/M superalloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003698
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... electrolyte and the kinetics of VCI adsorption and desorption has been determined by electrochemical and ellipsometric measurements. Subramanian et al. ( Ref 22 ) synthesized morpholine and its derivatives, such as carbonate, borate, and phosphate, and evaluated their performance on protecting mild steel...
Abstract
This article discusses the definitions, classifications, structural features, vapor pressure values, corrosion inhibition mechanisms, and methods of evaluation of vapor-phase-corrosion inhibitors or volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCIs). Practical methods of using VCIs for corrosion protection of aluminum, ferrous, and nonferrous alloys are discussed with specific examples. The article contains tables that summarize the applications of different VCIs used for protecting ferrous metals, copper and its alloys, and silver.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003606
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Measurements” ASTM G 100 “Standard Test for Conducting Cyclic Galvanostaircase Polarization” ASTM G 59 “Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements” ASTM G 5 “Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic...
Abstract
This article discusses the elements necessary for a galvanic cell operation. Detailed information on the possible corrosion reaction as a function of aqueous electrolyte concentration and pH, in the presence of certain ions, are provided using Pourbaix diagrams. A variety of atmospheric factors, climatic conditions, and air-chemical pollutants that determine the corrosiveness of the atmosphere and contribute to the metal corrosion process are discussed. The article reviews the phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface and the corrosive microbial effect on metals. It describes the thermodynamics of atmospheric corrosion and models for predicting the corrosion damage of metals. The article concludes with information on the various trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods for the corrosion processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to generalized uniform chemical attack—described in the section “Uniform Corrosion” —in which the anodes and cathodes of the cells are numerous, small, and close together. The analysis of corrosion failures and the development of suitable corrective measures require not only a basic understanding...
Abstract
This article addresses the forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. It describes the mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion such as galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and velocity-affected corrosion. The article contains a table that lists combinations of alloys and environments subjected to selective leaching and the elements removed by leaching.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Abstract This article describes the two commonly used standardized tests for determining the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings: hardness testing and tensile adhesion testing. It discusses the destructive and non-destructive methods of residual-stress measurement. Electrochemical...
Abstract
This article describes the two commonly used standardized tests for determining the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings: hardness testing and tensile adhesion testing. It discusses the destructive and non-destructive methods of residual-stress measurement. Electrochemical testing methodologies include two distinctly different methods: direct and alternating current impedance techniques for assessing the corrosion resistance of coating attributes. The article also reviews the testing methods for determining thermomechanical and environmental stability of thermal barrier coatings. It discusses the wear testing methodologies that are standardized by ASTM, including the pin-on-disk, block-on-ring, dry sand/rubber wheel, erosion, metallographic apparatus abrasion, fretting wear, cavitation, reciprocating ball-on-flat, impact, and rolling contact fatigue test. The article concludes with a discussion on the methods of testing abradability and erosion resistance in abradable coatings.
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