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Published: 01 January 2001
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Published: 01 January 2001
Image
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 3 Additional tensile strength limits for fibers embedded in polymer matrices. The shaded area is affected by the brittle fracture mechanisms.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of matrices is that they are reactive (thermosets) and nonreactive (thermoplastics) polymers. Most thermoplastic-matrix composites are developed with their polymerization complete. As a result, thermoplastic fiber-reinforced composites are generally more difficult to produce due to high viscosity resulting...
Abstract
This article illustrates the polymer matrices used for composite materials. It describes the use of prepeg materials in manufacturing high-performance composites. The article discusses the various infusion processes for the development of fiber-reinforced composites, namely, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and resin film infusion. It explains the composite- and matrix-toughening methods for fiber-reinforced composites, such as dispersed-phase toughening and interlayer toughening. The article concludes with information on optical microscopy, which provides an insight into the micro- and macrostructure of fiber-reinforced composites.
Image
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 5 Strain amplification factors between fiber- and lamina-level models for fibers embedded in polymer matrices. Circled numbers 1 through 4 indicate the sequence by which the points were located. γ f is the fiber shear strain, E fT is transverse modulus of elasticity of the fiber
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., chemical and mechanical properties. While effects for polymer-matrix composites can be substantial, thermosetting matrices are typically much more affected than thermoplastic matrices. Although hygrothermal effects should be irrelevant for metal- and ceramic-matrix composites, their responses as newer...
Abstract
Hygrothermal behavior of cured composite materials relates to the combined and commonly synergistic effects of moisture absorption and temperature on various physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This article focuses on the influence of resins or matrices, reinforcements, processing, and diffusion on hygrothermal behavior of polymer-matrix composites and provides an outline on general considerations in assessing them. It discusses the hygrothermal testing and conditioning of polymer-matrix composites to assess fundamental hygrothermal behavior. The article provides information on the accelerated aging process for understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes in composites. It also describes the effect of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of polymer-matrix composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... 1 The strength of glass fibers embedded in polymer matrices, in terms of fiber strains Fig. 2 The strength of carbon fibers embedded in polymer matrices, in terms of fiber strains Maximum-Strain Failure Diagrams For the reader unfamiliar with strain failure diagrams, important...
Abstract
This article presents a comprehendable and comprehensive physics-based approach for characterizing the strength of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. It begins with background information on the goals and attributes of this method. The article then addresses the characterization of fiber failures in laminates, because these are at the highest strengths that can be attained and, therefore, are usually the design objective. An exception would be if the design goal is to maximize energy absorption, rather than static strength. The discussion proceeds to situations in which the matrix fails first, either by intent, by design error, or because of impact damage. The state of the modeling propagation and arrest of matrix damage follows. Comparisons of this physics-based approach are then made to empirically based failure theories.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... matrices are reactive liquid polymers (RLP), such as carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber ( Ref 6 , 7 , 8 ). The average diameter of the dispersed phases in rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composites commonly ranges from 0.5 to 10 μm. The size and degree of phase separation is a complex...
Abstract
This article describes the dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices by the development of multiphase-structure thermosetting matrices using rubber and/or thermoplastic materials. It discusses two main methods for manufacturing prepregs, namely, single-pass impregnation and double-pass impregnation. The article illustrates reflected-light optical microscopy techniques to evaluate the morphology of thermoplastic materials for determining the material quality and correlating key microstructural features with material performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... composites. friction wear lubricants composites carbon allotropy polymers gamma irradiation graphite dry lubricants carbon nanotubes composite matrices diamond-containing composites Importance of Friction and Wear and the Role of Lubricants in Composites Reducing friction and wear...
Abstract
This article discusses the importance of friction and wear and the role of lubricants in composites. It highlights the progress and developments in using different forms of carbon allotropes in composites for improved friction and wear performance of materials. The article focuses on the widely used form known as carbon black (CB) and shows how to deal with friction and wear of polymers and composites when gamma irradiation is involved. It also discusses the role of graphite in composite materials, which is widely used as a dry lubricant. The article examines the tribology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as components in composite materials. It also highlights some of the most pronounced examples of graphene use as a reinforcement agent for improving tribological performance in composite matrices. The article concludes with a discussion on the progress of research in diamond-containing composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Infiltration and Pyrolysis The PIP method for producing ceramic matrices makes use of preceramic polymers to form the composite shapes and also to densify the composite matrix. A number of preceramic polymers were developed in the 1970s and 1980s that led to the fabrication of silicon-based fibers...
Abstract
This article focuses on the process methods and matrix chemistries of ceramic-matrix composites. These methods include pressure-assisted densification, chemical vapor infiltration, melt infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, and sol-gel processing. The article discusses the use of a ceramic, preceramic, or metal phase as a fluid or vapor phase reactant to form the matrix. Emphasis is placed on microstructural features that influence ultimate composite properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... matrix. Composite materials having polymeric matrices are susceptible to degradation from heat, sunlight, ozone, atomic oxygen (in space), moisture, solvents (chemicals), fatigue, excessive loading, and combinations of these environmental conditions ( Ref 1 ). The rate and extent of degradation...
Abstract
Polymer composite materials are subject to degradation if not appropriately protected from the environment. This article describes the effects of heat and atomic oxygen and ultraviolet-light on composite material surfaces, with illustrations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... illumination as compared to the carbon fibers. 10× objective Interference and Contrast Microscopy It is often found that polymeric matrices in composite materials do not display much contrast when viewed using the aforementioned reflected-light techniques. As a consequence, dyes that bind to various...
Abstract
The analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy is a process that can be made easy and efficient with only a few contrast methods and preparation techniques. This article is intended to provide information that will help an investigator select the appropriate microscopy technique for the specific analysis objectives with a given composite material. The article opens with a discussion of macrophotography and microscope alignment, and then goes on to describe various illumination techniques that are useful for specific analysis requirements. These techniques include bright-field illumination, dark-field illumination, polarized-light microscopy, interference and contrast microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The article also provides a discussion of sample preparation materials such as dyes, etchants, and stains for the analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... There are a limited number of polyimide resins available for use as composite matrices. These systems cure by means of a condensation reaction with evolution of a high level of volatiles. The two types of polyimide resins most widely used are PMR-15 and the family of pyromellitic dianhydride/oxydianiline polymers...
Abstract
This article describes the most significant tests to characterize the properties of constituent materials. It discusses the chemical, physical, and mechanical tests for determining the properties of reinforcement fibers and fabrics. The article provides information on some of the basic materials used for thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrices. It reviews the identification of the individual characteristics of thermoset and thermoplastic resin along with the test methods normally used for their determination. The article contains a table that lists properties and tests for uncured and cured thermoset-matrix resins and prepregs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... durability. The microstructure of the matrix is dictated by the matrix component(s) and, in many cases, is influenced by the cure cycle. It is commonly thought that the microstructure of thermoplastic matrices is affected more by the cure cycle than the microstructure of thermosetting matrices. This is due...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis of the composite matrix is necessary to understand the performance of the part and its long-term durability. This article focuses on the microstructural analysis of engineering thermoplastic-matrix composites and the influence of cooling rate and nucleation on the formation of spherulites in high-temperature thermoplastic-matrix carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. It also describes the microstructural analysis of a bio-based thermosetting-matrix natural fiber composite system.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... introduction to these basic formulary components and epoxy- resin selection is provided in this Section. Several high-temperature polymeric matrices are also covered, including cyanate ester, polyimide, and bismaleimide resins. These tend to be more expensive resin systems, and are employed in applications...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the Section “Constituent Materials” in ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites. The Section describes the major matrix resins and reinforcing fibers used in composite materials, as well as some of the intermediate material forms available for composite fabrication.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article explains the key features of the manufacturing techniques for polymer composites. It describes the selection of a technically and economically feasible manufacturing technique for a composite design. The article discusses widely accepted and emerging techniques...
Abstract
This article explains the key features of the manufacturing techniques for polymer composites. It describes the selection of a technically and economically feasible manufacturing technique for a composite design. The article discusses widely accepted and emerging techniques to manufacture polymer composites such as open-mold techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...-reinforced composites matrix resins organic matrices polymer-matrix composites reinforcements A COMPOSITE MATERIAL can be defined as a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials, having a recognizable interface between them. However, because composites are usually used...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials for commercial applications, epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, polyimide resins, and thermoplastic resins are used for aerospace applications. The article addresses design considerations as well as product forms and fabrication processes.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., depending on the data reduction method. The T g is also affected by environmental conditions, such as absorbed moisture. Upon exposure to high-humidity environments, polymer matrices will absorb environmental moisture and be plasticized by it. This will lower the T g . Measurement of the T g...
Abstract
Characterization of nonmechanical properties is performed in the testing and certification of composite materials. This article focuses on the properties of composites that are commonly investigated. The properties include: per ply thickness; constituent content; density; coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of moisture expansion; glass transition temperature; thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and specific heat.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article highlights the selected applications of advanced polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. advanced polymer-matrix composites metal-matrix composites ceramic matrix composites APPLICATIONS of advanced composite...
Abstract
This article highlights the selected applications of advanced polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... polymers are used at high temperature as matrices for polymer composites. Polymer gears, bushings, and sliding bearings are made of polyformaldehyde, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, and polyacrylate. Among thermosetting polymers used for antifriction applications are polyimides, which stand out because...
Abstract
Polymers and polymer composites have become attractive for tribological applications due to their specific material properties. This article begins by discussing the fundamentals of polymer friction and wear. It summarizes the main polymer materials used in tribological applications. The article explains the effects of load, sliding velocity, and temperature on the friction coefficient. It describes three types of wear modes, namely, abrasive, adhesion, and fatigue. The article discusses the frictional behavior of polymer composites and polymer coatings. It concludes by providing information on tribotesting of polymers and polymer composites.
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