Fig. 10 Schematic of the light path through a light microscope in polarized light. (The lambda plate, No. 6a, is another term for a sensitive tint plate, an optional accessory.) Courtesy of the Carl Zeiss Co. More

Fig. 2 Linear and elliptical polarization. (a) If two linearly polarized light beams that are in phase are combined, the resultant light beam is linearly polarized. (b) If two linearly polarized light beams that are out of phase are combined, the resultant light beam is elliptically polarized More

Fig. 3 Polarized light optical micrographs of microsegregation in (a) cast plus hot isostatically pressed Ti-47.3Al-2.0Nb-1.7Mn and (b) cast plus hot isostatically pressed plus isothermally forged Ti-48Al-2.5Nb-0.3Ta. Source: Ref 44 , 47 More

Fig. 4 Polarized light optical microstructures developed in Ti-45.5Al-2Cr-2Nb samples isothermally upset to a 75% reduction at 1093 °C (2000 °F) and ε ˙ =0.1 s −1 . Prior to compression testing, the samples had been processed to yield lamellar microstructures with prior-alpha grain More

Fig. 6 Polarized light optical microstructure developed in Ti-45.5Al-2Cr-2Nb pancakes upset at 1150 °C (2100 °F) to a 6-to-1 reduction using (a) “standard” isothermal forging practice, (b) isothermal forging with a 15 min dwell after the first 2-to-1 reduction, (c) conventional forging ( ε More

Fig. 8 Polarized light optical microstructures developed in a canned Ti-45Al-2Cr-2Nb billet preheated at the alpha transus temperature and extruded to a 6-to-1 reduction. (a) Center of extrudate. (b) Outer diameter of extrudate. Source: Ref 59 More

Fig. 23 Kerr effect micrographs (using polarized light) of SmCo 5 permanent magnet (adjacent domains). (a) Large Sm 2 Co 17 grains easily identified by the finer domain structure (arrows). (b) Dark Sm 2 Co 7 grains continuous with the surrounding SmCo 5 . As-polished. Reproduced More

Fig. 22 Principles of polarized light microscopy More

Fig. 29 Comparison of bright-field illumination (a), cross-polarized light (b), and differential interference contrast illumination (c and d) used to examine the basketweave pattern of an α-β Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Figures (c) and (d) illustrate the observation of reversed topography by adjusting More

Fig. 30 Grains and deformation twins revealed by polarized light on an as-polished section of cast bismuth. 50× More

Fig. 53 Flake graphite in as-cast gray iron examined in crossed polarized light. As-polished. 200× More

Fig. 3 Polarized light micrograph of U-0.3Mo quenched from 800 °C (1470 °F) showing highly twinned, irregular grains of supersaturated α phase. Electropolished using procedure 1 in Table 1 and anodized using procedure 2 in Table 4 . 200×. Courtesy of M.M. Lappin More

Fig. 5 Polarized light micrograph of U-2.0Mo cooled from 800 °C (1470 °F) at >100 °C/s (>180 °F/s) showing internally twinned thermoelastic martensite, α b ′ . Electropolished using procedure 1 in Table 1 and anodized using procedure 2 in Table 4 . 100×. Courtesy of M.E More

Fig. 6 Polarized light micrograph of U-6.0Nb quenched from 800 °C (1470 °F) showing α b ″ thermoelastic martensite. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 1000×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger More

Fig. 15 Polarized light micrograph of as-cast unalloyed uranium showing large irregular grains, subgrains, and a substantial density of thermal contraction accommodation twins. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 100×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger, ORNL More

Fig. 19 Polarized light micrograph of cast and β-quenched unalloyed uranium showing irregular grains and thermal contraction accommodation twins. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 100×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger, ORNL More

Fig. 20 Polarized light micrograph of unalloyed uranium rolled at 630 °C (1165 °F) showing duplex grain structure and few thermal contraction accommodation twins. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 100×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger, ORNL More

Fig. 21 Polarized light micrograph of unalloyed uranium hot rolled at 630 °C (1165 °F), then hydroformed at 300 °C (570 °F) showing highly elongated grains. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 100×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger, ORNL More

Fig. 23 Polarized light micrograph of unalloyed uranium hot rolled at 630 °C (1165 °F), then warm rolled at 325 °C (615 °F) showing fine equiaxed grains with few thermal contraction accommodation twins. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 100×. Courtesy More

Fig. 26 Polarized light micrograph showing grinding artifacts in unalloyed uranium. Bands of fine twins are due to deformation from coarse grinding steps that was not removed by subsequent fine grinding and polishing. Electropolished using procedure 1 in Table 1 and anodized using procedure More