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in Methods for Determining Aqueous Corrosion Reaction Rates
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 3 ASTM G 59 polarization curves for polarization resistance measurements based on the results from eight independent laboratories for type 430 stainless steel in 1 N H 2 SO 4 . Curve 1 is the mean result, with curves 2 and 3 showing the 95% confidence limits. Source: Ref 21
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 3 Three-electrode linear polarization resistance probe schematic. Dimensions given in inches. IL, insertion length. NPT, American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread. Source: Metal Samples, Munford, AL
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 12 Linear polarization resistance corrosion rates of the three soil probes (not connected to pipeline) and the pipeline potentials of the two experiments as a function of time
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in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Military Environments
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 6 Instantaneous corrosion rates using polarization resistance ( R p ) for carbon steel exposed in stagnant aerobic or stagnant anaerobic natural seawater. Corrosion rates were higher for the anaerobic exposures (solid lines) than for aerobic exposure (broken lines). R1, R2, R3, and R4
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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 5 Typical three-electrode polarization-resistance probe (a) and installations of such probes. (b) Probe in a 38 mm (1 1 2 in.) pipe fitting. (c) Probe in welded line. (d) Probe in 50 mm (2 in.) pipe tee. Source: Ref 7
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Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 18 Relationship between polarization resistance and biocompatibility of pure metals, cobalt-chromium, and stainless steels. Source: Ref 8
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 18 Sample polarization resistance data showing determination of corrosion current density, i corr , from R p . The slope at E oc is called the polarization resistance, R p . The Tafel slopes, b a and b c , must be obtained from anodic and cathodic polarization experiments
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 19 Polarization resistance, R p , values for wrought (W) and sintered (A, B, C). A, B, and C correspond to the same sintering conditions as shown in Table 3 . Type 304L and 316L samples in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution at T =25 °C (77 °F). Source: Ref 9
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... and localized corrosion and evaluation of corrosion rates under paints are also discussed. The article describes nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Methods presented include polarization methods, polarization resistance methods, electrochemical impedance...
Abstract
This article addresses electrochemical methods for instantaneous rate determination and threshold determination as well as nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Electrochemical methods for the study of galvanic corrosion rates and localized corrosion and evaluation of corrosion rates under paints are also discussed. The article describes nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Methods presented include polarization methods, polarization resistance methods, electrochemical impedance methods, frequency modulation methods, electrochemical noise resistance, potential probe methods, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization methods, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods, electrochemical noise (EN) methods, scratch-repassivation method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gravimetric determination of mass loss, electrical-resistance methods, magnetic methods, quartz crystal microbalance method, solution analysis methods, and metrological methods are nonelectrochemical methods. The article presents an electrochemical test that examines the susceptibility of stainless steel alloys to intergranular corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests...
Abstract
The interaction of an implant with the human body environment may result in degradation of the implant, called corrosion. This article discusses the corrosion testing of metallic implants and implant materials. The corrosion environments for medical implants are the extracellular human body fluids, very complex solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, inorganic and organic constituents, and gases. The article describes the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion testing and provides a brief discussion on various types of corrosion tests. It illustrates corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests, and ion-leaching tests are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., polarization-resistance measurements, corrosion potential measurements, and alternating current impedance measurements. Corrosion monitoring strategies, such as locations, data analysis, redundancy, and other issues, are discussed. The article concludes with information on the interpretation and reporting...
Abstract
This article describes the criteria for selecting a corrosion-monitoring method used in industrial plants. It provides a detailed discussion on the design, advantages, and disadvantages of plant corrosion-testing program. The basic types of racks used to support and insulate the coupons are also discussed. The analysis of electrical-resistance probes, sentry holes, side-stream loop, electrochemical noise, hydrogen-probe, and process streams are used to monitor and estimate corrosion rates. The corrosion rates can also be estimated by ultrasonic thickness measurements, polarization-resistance measurements, corrosion potential measurements, and alternating current impedance measurements. Corrosion monitoring strategies, such as locations, data analysis, redundancy, and other issues, are discussed. The article concludes with information on the interpretation and reporting of corrosion testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... Electrochemical techniques discussed include linear polarization resistance, electrochemical noise, harmonic distortion analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and hydrogen permeation. The principles of operation for the corrosion measuring techniques are described along with examples of their use...
Abstract
This article explores the use of the electrochemical and nonelectrochemical techniques for measuring the corrosion behavior of buried metals and the types of probes used. The electrical resistance technique is the main nonelectrochemical technique used for measuring corrosion rate. Electrochemical techniques discussed include linear polarization resistance, electrochemical noise, harmonic distortion analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and hydrogen permeation. The principles of operation for the corrosion measuring techniques are described along with examples of their use in soils.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003655
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... resistance (ER) and inductive resistance, linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), zero-resistance ammetry (ZRA), electrochemical noise (ECN) and self- linear polarization resistance (SLPR). Indirect techniques measure parameters that are indirectly related...
Abstract
Corrosion monitoring is important in the operation of modern industrial plants and in the use and maintenance of expensive assets such as bridges and aircrafts, because the damage caused by corrosion and the rate of the deterioration can be huge and the risks devastating. This article discusses the system considerations and installation techniques of different types of direct and indirect techniques in electrochemically based on-line corrosion monitoring process. It describes the importance of probe location and on-line corrosion monitoring techniques with examples.
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Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 4 Theoretical polarization curve near the corrosion potential for an electrode in the state of passivity, and determination of the polarization resistance, R p
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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 1 Algorithm for suitability of electrical resistance (ER) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) corrosion monitoring techniques as a function of electrolyte conductivity and estimated corrosion rate. R is the electrolyte resistivity in kΩ · cm and C is the corrosion rate in mils
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Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 6 Bode plot of the electrical circuit in Fig. 5 . R Ω , resistance between the reference electrode and the working electrode; R p , polarization resistance of the electrochemical reaction
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Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 5 Equivalent electric circuit model. R Ω , resistance between the reference electrode and the working electrode; R p , polarization resistance of the electrochemical reaction; C , capacitance of the double layer
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Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 7 Nyquist plot of imaginary versus real impedance over a range of frequencies. R Ω , resistance between the reference electrode and the working electrode; R p , polarization resistance of the electrochemical reaction
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in Methods for Determining Aqueous Corrosion Reaction Rates
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 4 Electrical equivalent circuit model simulating a simple corroding metal/electrolyte interface. See also Fig. 5 . R s is the solution resistance. R p is the polarization resistance. C is the double-layer capacitance.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., this technique is referred to as the polarization- resistance technique or, less precisely, as the linear polarization technique ( Ref 4 ). From this research, it also becomes clear that corrosion current densities, i corr , can be obtained from the analysis of anodic and cathodic polarization curves, which...
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion test methods. The features and requirements of the instrumentation needed for an electrochemical test are briefly discussed. The article provides a discussion on the various electrochemical techniques and tests available for laboratory studies of corrosion phenomena. The techniques and tests include no-applied-signal tests, small-signal polarization tests, large-signal polarization tests, scanning electrode techniques, and miscellaneous techniques.
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