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plasma density

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0007039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... density plasma nitriding sputtering titanium alloys IONIZED GASES offer unique opportunities for various surface treatments, including nitriding ( Ref 1 , 2 ). Sputtering is a phenomenon accompanying the plasma/ion nitriding process, which uses glow discharge ( Ref 1 – 9 ) and is caused by ions...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
...). These macroparticles result from the extreme localized heating of the cathode, which is due to the high current densities that are found in cold cathode arcs (10 4 to 10 8 A/cm 2 ). Unless the macroparticles can be removed from the plasma stream, they become lodged in the coating and are usually considered...
Book Chapter

By Donald M. Mattox
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... where the gas density is low and the mean free path for collision is very long. In vacuum-barrel deposition processing, this means that the pressure is lower than about 1.3 mPa (1 × 10 −5 torr). A plasma is a low-pressure gas that contains enough ions and electrons to have an appreciable electrical...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... within a plasma torch. Most plasma generators (plasma torches) for melting processes use an electric arc to produce gaseous discharges. The characteristics of an electric arc include relatively high current densities, low cathode fall, and high luminosity of the column. A typical potential distribution...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... carburizing furnace with some extra effort. The furnace must be isolated electrically from the heating and the batch, which will be connected to the plasma generator. The generator applies a voltage of approximately 600 V between the batch and the grounded furnace. It results in a current density in the range...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
...-cathode effect), which places limits on the density of parts in a workload and the nitriding of deep, small-diameter holes High energy consumption to heat the part from just plasma heating Fig. 4 Uniform case from plasma nitriding. Source: Ref 10 Fig. 5 Hot-walled plasma nitriding...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005719
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... in measuring individual and collective particle velocities, temperature, and trajectories as well as other plume characteristics for the plasma spray process. particle morphology powder feeder process control equipment thermal spray equipment thermal spray plume sensors SUPPORT EQUIPMENT...
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1 Typical potential distribution along a plasma arc. V a , anode voltage; V c , cathode voltage; d a , anode current density; d c , cathode current density More
Book Chapter

By S.L. Rohde
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001288
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... the cathode and anode electrodes in the presence of a sufficient gas density (approximately 10 to 500 μbar). Under a sufficiently large electric potential, the gas atoms between the electrodes become ionized and diffuse through the plasma. However, only the ions in the near-cathode region will “feel...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005718
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... to increase particle velocity. The corresponding increase in kinetic energy increases coating density and coating adhesion. However, because particle heat transfer is a function f dwell time in the gas stream, lower average particle temperatures, compared to plasma spray, reduce the degree of particle melting...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Chemical analysis is carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and plasma-emission spectrophotometry. Phase analysis is done by X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic methods, thermal analysis, and quantitative analysis. Techniques used for microstructural analysis...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001340
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.../oxidation potential, surface tension, gas purity, and gas density. It describes the characteristics of the components of a shielding gas blend. The article discusses the selection of shielding gas for gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW), as well...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... for single pass Plasma arc 10 3 to 10 6 6 × 10 3 to 6 × 10 6 5–10 Shallow at low-energy end. Deep penetration at high-energy end Laser beam 10 5 to 10 7 6 × 10 5 to 6 × 10 7 15–25 Shallow at low-energy density range. Deep penetration at high-energy density range Electron beam 10 5...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005713
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... and by the use of higher arc voltages. Gas flows have concurrently increased, with plasma guns evolving from subsonic to supersonic gas-exit speeds. Subsequent increases in particle speeds have increased coating densities and bond strengths. Another major plasma spray development was that of low-pressure...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... and plasma beam interaction, such as refraction. Position of focus with respect to the substrate and depth of focus of the beam also affect the power density and penetration depth. Spatial distribution of the energy is generally constant for a given laser, whereas absorptivity is a function...
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Relationship among raw material feeding rate, ingot bulk density, and specific power consumption in the plasma consolidation of titanium. Source: Ref 1 More
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of the (a) melt-in or conduction versus (b) keyhole modes in high-energy-density welding processes, including plasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding. Source: Ref 2 More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
..., there has been much advancement in thermal spray material development, understanding of the process-microstructure property, and in-process diagnostics, leading to better process control ( Ref 2 , 3 ). The advent of new processes such as solution/suspension plasma spraying and vacuum plasma spray processes...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... affecting the ultimate power density driving the welding process are absorptivity and plasma-beam interaction, such as refraction. Position of focus with respect to the substrate and depth of focus of the beam also affects the power density and penetration depth. Spatial distribution of the energy...
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 3 Examples of atomized powders. (a) Water-atomized copper. (b) Water-atomized iron, apparent density 2.9 g/cm 3 . (c) Air-atomized aluminum. (d) Helium-atomized aluminum. (e) Nitrogen-atomized high-speed steel. (f) Vacuum-atomized IN-100 superalloy. (g) Plasma rotating electrode process More