Fig. 14 Effect of carbon content in plain carbon steel on the hardness of fine pearlite formed when the quenching curve intersects the nose of the time-temperature diagram for isothermal transformation More

Fig. 22 Effect of carbon content in plain carbon steel on the hardness of fine pearlite formed when the quenching curve intersects the nose of the time-temperature-transformation diagram for isothermal transformation More

Fig. 3 Extent and finer structure of pearlite in a 0.5% C plain carbon steel from (a) furnace cooling (annealing) and (b) air cooling (normalizing). Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 15 Sample of plain carbon steel after low-cyanide salt bath nitrocarburizing treatment (Process 3). The high level of apparent porosity is a characteristic of high sulfur content in the compound zone; dark areas are actually iron-sulfide nodules, not voids. More

Fig. 2 Comparison of oxyfuel gas cutting and PAC of plain carbon steel More

Fig. 7 Plain carbon steel, hardened but not tempered. (a) Taper section (horizontal magnification 1200×, vertical magnification 13,080×) of surface layers that were abusively ground, producing martensite (white-etching constituent) and tempering (dark-etching bands). (b) Dark-etching bands More

Fig. 8 Tempered martensite is the best structure for nitriding. Plain carbon steels are generally not suitable because the resultant case will be very brittle and tend to spall. To determine the level of hardenability required to obtain a martensitic microstructure for nitriding, select More

Fig. 3 (a) Coarse nitride needles in gas-nitrided plain carbon steel. (b) Coarse nitride needles at high magnification. Transmission electron micrograph More

Fig. 2 Microstructure of F-0008 plain-carbon steel compacted at 690 MPa (50 tsi) and sintered 980 °C (1795 °F) in argon. Etched with 2/5 nital. More

Fig. 14 Tempering curves for (a) 0.31% C plain carbon steel and (b) 0.35C-2Mo alloy steel that exhibits secondary hardening. Note that time-temperature data are correlated in both cases with a parameter of the form T ( C + log 10 t ), where T is absolute temperature in Kelvin, C More

Fig. 68 Possible fracture zones mapped for a 0.2% C plain carbon steel in strain rate temperature space. T , testing temperature; T m , melting temperature. The zones, which are shaded in the diagram, are as follows: A, subsolidus intergranular fracture due to segregation of sulfur More

Fig. 24 Influence of temperature on the erosion rate of plain carbon steel in a vibratory cavitation device. Source: Ref 62 More

Fig. 23 Graphitized microstructure of SA-210-A-1 plain carbon steel. The structure is ferrite and graphite with only a trace of spheroidized carbon remaining. Etched with nital. 500× More

Fig. 5 Influence of temperature on the erosion rate of plain carbon steel in a vibratory cavitation device. Source: Ref 10 More

Fig. 18 Microstructure (a) of a plasma nitrocarburized plain carbon steel (En 8) sample with (b) corresponding diffraction pattern. The compound layer consists of varying amounts of Є (Fe 2–3 N) and γ′ (Fe 4 N) nitrides, the amounts of which can be controlled by furnace atmosphere selection. More

Fig. 37 Tensile fracture of a 1020 plain carbon steel showing slanted fracture intersecting the outside surface at an angle More

Fig. 38 Fractured 1020 plain carbon steel showing an angled connection between a cup portion on one half of the fractured bar and a cup portion on the other half More

Fig. 20 Graphitized microstructure of SA210 grade A1 plain carbon steel. Original magnification: 400× More

Fig. 2 U-curve comparison of the hardenability of (a) AISI 1045 plain carbon steel and (b) AISI 6140 low-alloy steel with increasing cross-sectional diameters More

Fig. 23 Effect of carbon content on hardness in plain carbon steels. Curve A: induction hardened. Curve B: furnace hardened and water quenched. Curve C: furnace hardened, water quenched, and tempered. The quenched-and-tempered steels were treated in liquid nitrogen following water quenching More