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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as chemical blanking, is a metal-etching process that uses a photoresist to define the locations where the metal will be etched. This article describes the major steps used in the PCM process, namely, the preparation of the phototool, selection...
Abstract
Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as chemical blanking, is a metal-etching process that uses a photoresist to define the locations where the metal will be etched. This article describes the major steps used in the PCM process, namely, the preparation of the phototool, selection of the metal, preparation of the workpiece, masking with photoresists, etching, and stripping and inspection. The article reviews various design considerations for the PCM process. These include dimensional limitations, tolerances, and edge quality. The article also discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the PCM process.
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Published: 01 January 1989
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Image
Progressive stages of metal removal in photochemical machining. Metal is re...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1989
Fig. 4 Progressive stages of metal removal in photochemical machining. Metal is removed by etching on all work metal surfaces not covered by resist. Workpieces can be taken from etchant as soon as blanking is completed (d), for an undercut of 0.025 mm (0.001 in.); or etching can be continued
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Published: 01 January 1989
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... highlights some of the precautions to be followed while machining beryllium metals. Information on the cutting oils, cutting tools, and speeds and feeds used in turning the beryllium are also provided. The article describes the chemical milling and photochemical machining methods that are used for etching...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties of beryllium metals that require special attention when machining. It provides information on the considerations of S65 and selects 65 beryllium materials that are used for conducting tool wear studies and surface damage studies. The article highlights some of the precautions to be followed while machining beryllium metals. Information on the cutting oils, cutting tools, and speeds and feeds used in turning the beryllium are also provided. The article describes the chemical milling and photochemical machining methods that are used for etching beryllium components.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Nontraditional Machining Processes
Available to PurchaseBook: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... (TEM) Chemical milling (CM) Photochemical machining (PCM) Mechanical Methods Mechanical nontraditional processes harness direct mechanical abrasive action to remove material. Mechanical processes are usually applied to workpiece materials that are difficult to machine by traditional...
Abstract
This article discusses the various categories of nontraditional machining processes that are subdivided according to the form of energy being harnessed. These include mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical methods.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Machining
Available to PurchaseBook: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0005701
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Numbering System LBM laser beam machining nitride) USM ultrasonic machining In natural logarithm (base e) UTS ultimate tensile strength log common logarithm (base 10) PCD polycrystalline diamond LSG low-stress grinding PCM ' photochemical machining V volt m meter pH negative logarithm of hydrogen-ion MB...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.9781627081887
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
Book Chapter
General Introduction to Machining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003186
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Electrical discharge machining (EDM) Electrical discharge wire cutting (EDWC) Electrical discharge grinding (EDG) Electron beam machining (EBM) Laser beam machining (LBM) Thermal energy method (TEM) Chemical Chemical milling (CM) Photochemical machining (PCM) Machining...
Abstract
Machining is a term that covers a large collection of manufacturing processes designed to remove unwanted material, usually in the form of chips, from a workpiece. This article discusses the basic classes of machining operations, including conventional, abrasive, and nontraditional, and outlines the type of costs incurred by the process. It describes the types of machining equipment, including general-purpose machine tools, production machining systems, and computer numerically controlled machining systems. The article lists the common classes of metallic work materials, in order of decreasing machinability. It also shows the range of dimensional and surface finish tolerances in graphical form that can be achieved using various machining processes under general machining conditions.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002188
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Nickel-base alloys can be machined by techniques that are used for iron-base alloys. This article discusses the effects of distortion and microstructure on the machinability of nickel alloys. It tabulates the classification of nickel alloys based on machining characteristics...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys can be machined by techniques that are used for iron-base alloys. This article discusses the effects of distortion and microstructure on the machinability of nickel alloys. It tabulates the classification of nickel alloys based on machining characteristics. The article describes the machining operations performed on nickel alloys, such as turning, planing and shaping, broaching, reaming, drilling, tapping and threading, milling, sawing, and grinding. It provides information on the cutting fluids used in the machining of nickel alloys. The article also analyzes nontraditional machining methods that are suitable for shaping high-temperature, high-strength nickel alloys. These include electrochemical machining, electron beam machining, and laser beam machining.
Book Chapter
Laser Beam Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... milling, photochemical milling, biochemical machining. Some of the non-conventional techniques that usually deal with micro and nano-level machining can be put under one class as follows: Micro and Nano-Machining Processes Micro and nano-machining processes: abrasive flow machining (AFM...
Abstract
This article focuses on a variety of laser beam machining (LBM) operations of aluminum and its alloys, namely, laser cutting, laser drilling, laser milling, laser turning, laser grooving, laser scribing, laser marking, and laser micromachining. It presents different approaches for carrying out machining operations, laser processing parameters, efficiency and accuracy of the process, and the effect of laser processing parameters on the quality of the machined surface. The article provides an overview of the various conventional (chip forming) and nonconventional machining techniques employed for aluminum-based materials. A comparison of the various aspects of LBM with other non-conventional techniques is also presented. The article also describes the features of LBM techniques employed for aluminum and its alloys for different types of machining.
Book Chapter
Coining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003987
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... is well suited to the manufacture of extremely small items, such as interlocking-fastener elements. Dimensional accuracy equal to that available only with the very best machining practice can often be obtained in coining. Many automotive components are sized by coining. Sizing is usually done...
Abstract
Coining is a closed-die forging operation in which all surfaces of the workpiece are confined or restrained, resulting in a well-defined imprint of the die on the workpiece. This article focuses on the coining equipment (hammers and presses), lubricants, and general and special die materials used in the coining process. It discusses the coinability of metals such as steels, copper, and composite metals. The article describes the control of dimensions, surface finishes, and weight of coined items. It concludes with a discussion on processing problems and solutions.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002170
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... completely perforated in etched areas, similar to mechanically blanked parts, rather than etched to a given final thickness, as in chemical milling. The article “Photochemical Machining” in this Volume gives a more detailed description of chemical blanking. Chemical milling services are offered...
Abstract
This article discusses the principal process steps, specifications, defects, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of chemical milling (CM) in aerospace industries. The process steps include precleaning, masking, scribing, etching, final cleaning, stripping, and mechanical finishing. The article describes the variables that affect undercut and surface finish obtained by CM. The mechanical properties of chemically milled parts are also discussed.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Laser beam machining removes, melts, or thermally modifies a material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece. This article describes the principal lasers used in metal processing: neodymium-glass, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet...
Abstract
Laser beam machining removes, melts, or thermally modifies a material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece. This article describes the principal lasers used in metal processing: neodymium-glass, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers. It discusses the operating parameters of concern in percussion drilling and trepanning. The process variables in surface treatment and laser cutting, as well as the operating parameters of concern in laser welding are reviewed. The article also explains the various categories of surface treatment: heat treating, cladding, surfacing, glazing, and marking.
Book Chapter
Safe Practices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... machines, electrode holders, and personal protective devices. Adequate supervision must be provided to ensure that all equipment is properly used and maintained. Training Thorough and effective training is a key aspect of a safety program. Adequate training is mandated under provisions of the U.S...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Book Chapter
Post-Processing of Additively Manufactured Metal Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract This article describes post-processing techniques for machining, finishing, heat treating, and deburring used to remove additive manufacturing (AM) metallic workpieces from a base plate and subsequent techniques to enhance printed workpieces. The AM processes include powder bed fusion...
Abstract
This article describes post-processing techniques for machining, finishing, heat treating, and deburring used to remove additive manufacturing (AM) metallic workpieces from a base plate and subsequent techniques to enhance printed workpieces. The AM processes include powder bed fusion, binder jetting, and direct energy deposition. The discussion provides information on powder removal, powder recycling and conditioning, part removal, and part enhancement. The mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of mechanical, radiation, and chemical-finishing processes as well as the properties of the resulting material are also covered.
Book Chapter
Online Monitoring and Control of Polymer Additive Manufacturing Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006968
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... of product development ( Ref 5 ). Because of these advantages, the emergence of AM technologies marks a new era for the manufacturing industry. Polymer-based AM is a critical AM branch that first appeared as stereolithography (SLA), which is based on photochemical resin curing ( Ref 1 ). Currently...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a revolutionary technology that fabricates parts layerwise and provides many advantages. This article discusses polymer AM processes such as material extrusion, vat photopolymerization (VPP), powder-bed fusion (PBF), binder jetting (BJ), material jetting (MJ), and sheet lamination (SL). It presents the benefits of online monitoring and process control for polymer AM. It also introduces the respective monitoring devices used, including the models and algorithms designed for polymer AM online monitoring and control.
Book Chapter
Applications for Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... products into a vehicle. Encapsulated parts are produced primarily by two basic techniques: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection molding and reaction injection molding, in which a urethane type material is used. The fabrication technique is to clamp a glass part in a machined mold and inject the liquid...
Abstract
This article reviews the applications of traditional glasses in architecture, transportation, construction, houseware, containers, and fibers. It also describes uses of specialty glasses for aerospace and military applications, biomedical and dental applications, chemical-resistant applications, lighting, information display, electronic processing and electronic devices, optical and ophthalmic products, and communications equipment.
Book Chapter
Lubrication and Wear in Drawing Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... is generally done with lubricants that can be applied in powder form. Dry lubrication is generally used in very difficult drawing processes, such as for drawing steels and stainless steels. Figure 11 shows a dry straight-line drawing machine. Several procedures are required to ensure that a uniform lubricant...
Abstract
Drawing is a process by which a workpiece is pulled against a die to produce a wire, bar, or tube with smaller cross sectional area compared with the initial stock. This article discusses the variables that affect the drawing process and the parameters that influence friction, lubrication, and wear. These parameters include process, lubricant, workpiece, and tooling. The article provides information on dry and wet lubrication in wire drawing. The dry lubrication refers to use of solid lubricants while wet lubrication refers to the practice of providing a liquid lubricant to the workpiece-die interface. The article describes the most common types and causes of die wear: abrasive wear, adhesive wear, surface fatigue wear, thermal fatigue wear, and catastrophic failure. It concludes with a discussion on the surface treatment and texturing that are used to reduce die wear in drawing operations.
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