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Published: 01 January 2003
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Image
The Na-V-S-O system. (a) Phase stability diagram at 1173 K (1652 °F). (b) E...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 9 The Na-V-S-O system. (a) Phase stability diagram at 1173 K (1652 °F). (b) Equilibrium concentrations for Na 3 VO 4 , NaVO 3 , and V 2 O 5 in a sodium sulfate/vanadate solution containing 30 mol% V at 1173 K (1652 °F)
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Image
Phase diagram with regions of stability of coherent, semicoherent, or nonco...
Available to Purchase
in Localization Parameter for the Prediction of Interface Structures and Reactions
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 9 Phase diagram with regions of stability of coherent, semicoherent, or noncoherent interfaces, depending on the value of the localization parameter value ( p ), misfit (ϕ), and crystal thickness ( h ). The plane ( abcd ) is a plane with a constant misfit. For low p -values, the path (1
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Binary titanium phase diagrams showing β stabilization with (a) vanadium th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 27 April 2016
Fig. 15 Binary titanium phase diagrams showing β stabilization with (a) vanadium that has complete miscibility in β Ti and (b) chromium that has a eutectoid reaction. Source: Ref 15
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Phase diagram schematics for beta-stabilized alloys. (a) Beta isomorphous. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 7 Phase diagram schematics for beta-stabilized alloys. (a) Beta isomorphous. (b) Beta eutectoid. Source: Revised from Ref 2 with tungsten as isomorphous element.
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Image
Titanium-niobium phase diagram. This beta-stabilized system is typical of t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8 Titanium-niobium phase diagram. This beta-stabilized system is typical of the beta-isomorphous type. Both titanium and niobium have body-centered cubic crystal structures. Source: Ref 1
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Schematic phase diagram of a beta-stabilized titanium system, indicating th...
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in Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 18 Schematic phase diagram of a beta-stabilized titanium system, indicating the compositional range that would be considered beta alloys and the subdivision of this range into the lean and rich beta alloys. M s , martensite start. Source: Ref 9
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Flowchart showing effect of α′ and β stabilizers on a binary phase diagram....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 19 Flowchart showing effect of α′ and β stabilizers on a binary phase diagram. Source: Ref 9
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Schematic phase diagram of a beta-stabilized titanium system, indicating th...
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in Wrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 14 Schematic phase diagram of a beta-stabilized titanium system, indicating the compositional range that would be considered beta alloys and the subdivision of this range into the lean and rich beta alloys. Source: Ref 11
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Schematic phase diagram of a β-stabilized titanium system, indicating the c...
Available to Purchase
in Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Nonferrous Alloys
> Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 15 Schematic phase diagram of a β-stabilized titanium system, indicating the compositional range that would be considered β alloys and the subdivision of this range into the lean and rich β alloys
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Ternary Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... stabilization (iron-chromium) and austenite stabilization (iron-nickel). austenite stabilization binary iron phase diagrams carbon-chromium-iron isopleth eutectic system ferrite stabilization Gibbs triangle isopleth plots isothermal plots liquidus plots peritectic system phase equilibrium...
Abstract
This article describes the liquidus plots, isothermal plots, and isopleth plots used for a hypothetical ternary phase space diagram. It discusses the single-phase boundary (SPB) line and zero-phase fraction (ZPF) line for carbon-chromium-iron isopleth. The article illustrates the Gibbs triangle for plotting ternary composition and discusses the ternary three-phase phase diagrams by using tie triangles. It describes the peritectic system with three-phase equilibrium and ternary four-phase equilibrium. The article presents representative binary iron phase diagrams, showing ferrite stabilization (iron-chromium) and austenite stabilization (iron-nickel).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003593
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... a phase stability diagram for the Na-S-O system at 1173 K (1652 °F), where the ordinate is the oxidizing potential and the abscissa is a quantitative measure of the melt basicity/acidity ( Ref 3 ). Figure 1 is calculated from known values of the standard Gibbs formation energies for the phases indicated...
Abstract
Metals and ceramics exposed to high-temperature salt solutions are susceptible to a form of corrosion caused by fused salts accumulating on unprotected surfaces. This article examines the electrochemistry of such hot corrosion processes, focusing on sodium sulfate systems generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. It explains how salt chemistry, including acid/base and oxidizing properties, affects corrosion rates and mechanisms. The article also provides information on electrochemical testing and explains how Pourbaix methods, normally associated with aqueous corrosion, can be used to study fused-salt corrosion.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract Thermodynamic descriptions have become available for a large number of alloy systems and allow the calculation of the phase diagrams of multicomponent alloys. This article begins with a discussion on three laws of thermodynamics: the Law of Conservation of Energy, the Second Law...
Abstract
Thermodynamic descriptions have become available for a large number of alloy systems and allow the calculation of the phase diagrams of multicomponent alloys. This article begins with a discussion on three laws of thermodynamics: the Law of Conservation of Energy, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. It informs that for transformations that occur at a constant temperature and pressure, the relative stability of the system is determined by its Gibbs free energy. The article describes the Gibbs free energy of a single-component unary system and the Gibbs free energy of a binary solution. It schematically illustrates the structure of a binary solid solution with interatomic bonds and shows how the equilibrium state of an alloy can be obtained from the free-energy curves at a given temperature. The article concludes with information on the construction of eutectic and binary phase diagrams from Gibbs free-energy curves.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics Principles as Applied to Cast Iron
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... of probability of formation and relative stability of various phases. These include the influence of temperature and composition on solubility of various elements in iron-base alloys; calculation of solubility lines, relevant to the construction of phase diagrams; and calculation of activity of various...
Abstract
The control of the solidification process of cast iron requires understanding and control of the thermodynamics of the liquid and solid phases and of the kinetics of their solidification, including nucleation and growth. This article addresses issues that allow for the determination of probability of formation and relative stability of various phases. These include the influence of temperature and composition on solubility of various elements in iron-base alloys; calculation of solubility lines, relevant to the construction of phase diagrams; and calculation of activity of various components. It discusses the role of alloying elements in terms of their influence on the activity of carbon, which provides information on the stability of the main carbon-rich phases of iron-carbon alloys, that is, graphite and cementite. The article reviews the carbon solubility in multicomponent systems, along with saturation degree and carbon equivalent.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Steels may be annealed to facilitate cold working or machining, to improve mechanical or electrical properties, or to promote dimensional stability. This article, using iron-carbon phase diagram, describes the types of annealing processes, namely, subcritical annealing, intercritical...
Abstract
Steels may be annealed to facilitate cold working or machining, to improve mechanical or electrical properties, or to promote dimensional stability. This article, using iron-carbon phase diagram, describes the types of annealing processes, namely, subcritical annealing, intercritical annealing, supercritical or full annealing, and process annealing. Spheroidizing is performed for improving the cold formability of steels. The article provides guidelines for annealing and tabulates the critical temperature values for selected carbon and low-alloy steels and recommended temperatures and time cycles for annealing of alloy steels and carbon steel forgings. Different combinations of annealed microstructure and hardness are significant in terms of machinability. Furnaces for annealing are of two basic types, batch furnaces and continuous furnaces. The article concludes with a description of the annealing processes for steel sheets and strips, forgings, bars, rods, wires, and plates.
Image
Three-dimensional phase diagram of two titanium phase diagrams with an α-st...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 13 Three-dimensional phase diagram of two titanium phase diagrams with an α-stabilizing element (aluminum) and a β-stabilizing element (vanadium). bcc, body-centered cubic; M s , martensite start
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Book Chapter
Metallurgy of Titanium Alloy Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
..., the aluminum increases the percent α phase present and increases the vanadium content in the remaining β phase. Fig. 2 Partial titanium-vanadium phase diagrams at 0 and 6% Al. The addition of aluminum, an α stabilizer, raises the β-transus temperature. It also increases the amount of α phase...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the heat treatment processes for titanium and titanium alloys. These processes are age hardening, solution treatment, aging, and annealing. The article illustrates the characteristics of equilibrium phase diagrams that are important for understanding the heat treatment of titanium alloys. It explains the types of metastable phases encountered in titanium alloys. The article also provides information on the equilibrium phase relationships and properties of titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Alloy phase diagrams are useful for the development, fabrication, design and control of heat treatment procedures that will produce the required mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of new alloys. They are also useful in solving problems that arise in their performance...
Abstract
Alloy phase diagrams are useful for the development, fabrication, design and control of heat treatment procedures that will produce the required mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of new alloys. They are also useful in solving problems that arise in their performance in commercial applications, thus improving product predictability. This article describes different equilibrium phase diagrams (unary, binary, and ternary) and microstructures, description terms, and general principles of reading alloy phase diagrams. Further, the article discusses plotting schemes; areas in a phase diagram; and the position and shapes of the points, lines, surfaces, and intersections, which are controlled by thermodynamic principles and properties of all phases that comprise the system. It also illustrates the application of the stated principles with suitable phase diagrams.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 11 Calculated phase diagram for Na 2 O-SiO 2 showing phases as a function of Na 2 O activity and absolute temperature. The critical boundary for stability of SiO 2 is in the lower portion of the diagram (bold line). Note that SiO 2 (s2) is quartz, and SiO 2 (s4) is tridymite.
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